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Handybooks
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19425
Watch Jobber'j Handyboo Has LUCK ^|il^jni
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jmmmammi
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Crosby Lockwood & Son.
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arV19425 The watch obber's handybook
1924 031 263 134
THE
WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
———
— — —
—
—
—
:
LOCKWOOD'S SERIES OF HANDYBQQ KS FOR HA NDICRAFTS. >* The following
Volmnes are now ready
THE METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK
:
A
Practical Manual, for Workers at the Foot-Lathe, embracing Information on the Tools, Appliances and Processes employed in Metal Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of 100 Illustrations.
Crown
"Clearly and conciselyvvritten, —Mechanical Il'orid.
"
The book
will
2S. cloth.
giving^ in brief
be of service
knowledge of the subject."
8vo,
alike to the Scats9na7t,
:
compass just such information as
amateur and
artisan turner.
tlie
THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK
often required."
is
It displays
thorough
A
Practical Manual, for Workers at the Lathe, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, AppliBy Paul N, Hasluck. ances and Processes employed in Wood Turning.
With upwards
of loo Illustrations.
Crown 8vo,
:
2S. cloth.
"We
A
multitude of workmen have recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special mdxx^try."—Mechanical World. thoroughly sound, practical book." "The illustrations are well drawn and carefully printed.
A
Weekly Dispatch.
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK:
A
Manual on
Practical
Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes employed in Watchwork. By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of lOo Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 25. cloth. " We strongly advise all young persons connected with the watch trade to acquire and study this inexpensive work,' —CUrkenivell Chronicle. ' Full of useful information for young beginners. The instructions for cleaning, repairing, &c., arc given in plain language, and are made still clearer by the illustrations of the various tools." Mechatiical Progress.
THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK:
A
Practical Manual,
embracing Information on the Tools, Materials and Appliances employed in Constructing Patterns for Founders, By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. Mr. Hasluck's new volume, Pattern Making,' furnishes the studious workman with a very large practical information," Lloyd's News. " Mr. Hasluck's book goes into the details of construction of the simplest as well as the most complicated patterns likely to Be met with in practice. It is a most valuable, it not indispensable, manual for the pattern maker." Kiio-wledgc. '
amount of
THE MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK:
A
Practical
Manual on Mechanical Manipulation, embracing Information on various HandiUseful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. By Paul N. Hasluck, Comprising about 200 Subjects. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. craft Processes.
A
" very clever and useful book, which should be found in every workshop find a place in all technical schools." Satjcrday Review. " To the young mecbanic this work has an especial value, whilst the older pages many wrinkles,' " Mechanical Progress.
;
and
hand
should certainly
it
will find within its
'
THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK:
A
Practical
Manual
embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, and Processes employed in Constructing Model Steam Engines. By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. Mr, Hasluck has produced a \crv good httle book." Builder. "Contains precise practical instructions as to the making of engine models; the book ',^reat service to the young engineer." Dundee Aduertiser.
THE CLOCK JOBBER'S
HANDYBOOK
:
A
Practical
will
be of
Manual on
Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting embracing Information on the Tools, MateAppliances and Processes employed in Clockwork. By Paul N. Hasluck. :
rials,
With about
loo Illustrations,
%* The following
is
In 'preparation
THE CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK: A
:
Practical Manual,
embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes employed in Cabinet Work. By Paul N. Hasluck. With about loo lUusts.
LONDON
CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON Hall Court, Ludgate 7,
Stationers'
Hill, E.G.
:
THE
WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. ^
^tacttcal JItanttal ON-
CLEANING, REPAIKIN& & ADJUSTING: EMBRACING INFORMATION ON THE TOOLS, MATERIALS, APPLIANCES AND PROCESSES EMPLOYED IN WATGHWORK.
PAUL
HASLUCK,
N.
AUTHOK OF "LATHE WOPJC," "THE METAL TUENEK's HANDYBOOK,'' "THE WOOD TUENEk's HAKDYEOOK," ETC. WLiiii upiwarKs of ^Ecantr
®m
f^ttnUaJJ Ellustrattottsf.
(Elfttion, 3SeSitSc&.
6?'»V
LONDON
CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND 7,
SON,
STATIONERS' HALL COUET, LUDGATE HILL. 1889. [
All Rights Reserved.']
—
—
LATHE WORK Recently published, crown 8vo,
A
5s. cloth.
Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances Processes employed in the
By
PAUL
With numerous
N.
and
Art of Turning.
HASLUCK.
Illustrations
drawn by the Author.
Opinions of the Press. "Written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be who also knows how to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valudone, but able."
Engineering.
We
" can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur it will simply be invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful inlormation." Engineer. " A compact, succinct and handy guide to lathe-work did not exist in our language until Mr. Hasluck, by the publication of this treatise, gave the turner a true vade meciim.'' House Decorator.
—
CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Ludgate
Hill,
Stationers' Hall Court,
London, E.C.
;
PREFACE.
This handbook their
is
intended for the use of young beginners in
elementary practice with watchwork.
terms will be useful for reference to
many who
The
the technology of the horological art having been
neglected
The
till
technical
are older hands
somewhat
quite recently.
early chapters
embrace information on the repair and
adjustment of watchwork which
young beginners, and published
1
wrote for the guidance of
intermittingly in a periodical.
Several readers urged that this matter should be reproduced in book-form, circle of
and assured me that
young jobbers and have a
The Glossary
of
Terms used
large portion of this book,
in
it
on
benefiii
a wide
large sale.
Watchwork, which forms a
was prepared several years ago,
and forms part of what was intended treatise
would
to
be a comprehensive
Practical Horology.
London, March, 1887,
P.
N. HASI.UCK.
3
CONTENTS. PAGli
CHAP. I.
II.
Early Time Measures and Modern Watches
A Watch Movement and How to Take
it
Apart
ii— ...
14
— 24
III.
Examining, Cleaning and Putting Together
25—34
IV.
Repairs and Adjustment
35
Glossary of Terms, in Watchwork
Tools, Materials, Parts and Processes
— 49
Used
50—140
.
.
.
..
.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1
PAGE
IG. 1
Anvil to Hold in Bench-vice
2 Anvil
Mounted on Block
3 Plain Arbor 4 Split Arbor
5 6 7 8 g 10 II,
..
..
.
.. .
.
.
.
.
- -
53 53 57 58
61
6s
.
.68 .. .
Cement Chucks Chuck Chuck 32,33,34 Wire Chucks. Full
.
.
,
28
.
2g Section of Shoulder 30 Taper-mouth Screw 31,
58 Jewel Setter
..62 ..62
.. ..
17 Arbor Chuck i3 Arbor Chuck 19 Hollow-cone Chuck ,. 20 Lap to fit Cone Chuck 2r Cone-point to fit Cone Chuck 12 Screw Chuck .. .. 23 Lap to fit Screw Chuck 24 Face Plate 25, 26, 27,
56, 57 Jacot-tool
..58 ..59
..
13 Bumpine-up Stake 14 Plain Calioers 15 Gauge Calipers 16 Centring Tool
.
., .
trations
Chuck
69 69 69 69 70 70 70
..
.
.
.,72
Clamps
39 40 Counter-shaft
.
.
41 Counter-shaft
..
..76
42 43 44
Depthmg Tool Dog Douzieme Gauge
,
80
..82 83 85
45 Drill-stock
46 Eye-glass 47 48, 49 Filing Attachments 50 Fly-wheel t
Hammer
.
Hand-tongs Hand-vice
5?, S^
54
55 Jacot-tool
..
72 76
gr ,,
93 93
,.
..96
,.
!!
.
.
,.
!.
.
g6 97 g3
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
..98
Centre
76 Mainspring Winder 77 Chucks for Mainspring 78, 7g Nippers 80 Pin Slide
71 71 72
..
60 Cutter Stock 61 Stop Collar 62 Jewel Cutter 63 Jewel Gauge 64 Mo3eley's No. i Hard Latlie 65 Section of Lathe-bed 66 Moseley's No. i Soft Lathe 67 Half-open Tail-stock 68 Traverse Spindle 69 Light-runnmg Spindle 70 Screw Tail-stock 71 Universal Head .. 72 Whitcomb Lathe 73 Universal Head 74 Screw Tail-stock 75 Mainspring Punch
Sections and Perspective Illus-
Step Chucks 37 Universal Face-plate or 38 Pump Centre
59
Centres
69 6g 6g^
size
35i 36
PAGE
FIG.
51
51 52
..52 -.52
..
.
.
•
..
Archimedian Drill-stock Balance Poising-tool Balance Poising-tool Bench-vice
Bow Pliers Bow Saw 12 Bow Saws
.
..
.
.
.
.
loi 100 100 102 102 102 104 105 106 107 107 108 108
no ..
log
.
..
no
..
..
..
..
in 112 113
n?
Winder
.115 117
n8
Pin Vice Pinion Gauge Height Gauge Pinion Stake
,.
..
.
.
n8
..
..
ii^i
,. .
119 120 120
..
121 124
Pivot-drill
Pivot Polisher Pivot Polisher
.. .
,
.
Pliers
go Screw-end Finisher
118
..
.,
Chucks for Screw-end Finisher 124 92 Screw Ferrule ..125 .. gi
.. g3 Slide-rest .. g4 Slide-rest gS, g6 Sliding Tongs .. 97 Stepping Appliance 98 Plain Swing Rest 99 Jewelling Rest TOO Swing Rest
loi
Timing Stand
..
.,
..129
... ..
.,
..
130 132
.,132 133 135
..
102 Upright Tool 103, 104 Wheel-cutters
105 Wheel-cutter 106 Wig-wag
12a 128
..
.
..
136 i37 138 139
;
THE
WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. CHAPTER
I.
EARLY TIME MEASURERS AND
MODERN HERE was
WATCHES.
can be no doubt that the measurement of time
and probably even suggested, by
effected,
first
When man
observing the heavenly bodies.
first
looked up
heaven the apparent course of the sun and that of the
to
moon
served to distinguish the days and months.
were the
divisions of time,
first
These
and doubtless served the
requirements of the age.
A natural day is of the earth on relative
its
the time required for the complete rotation axis, so as to
This
position.
is
during which the earth makes a rotation.
A
sidereal
in accomplishing
sidereal
that
all
are 365'2422i6,
there
is
day
is
is
23
little
called
a solar day,
more than one absolute
the time occupied by the earth
one absolute
average length of
A
day
bring the sun in the same
technically
rotation.
the solar
A
solar
day
is
the
days in a year, of which
each divided into twenty-four hours. hours, 56 minutes,
and
4'i
seconds
3 minutes and nearly 56 seconds shorter than a mean
solar day.
A
practical
method of
indicating sidereal
and mean time
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
2
with the same clock
to fix a wheel of
is
revolving once in twenty-four hours.
one having
thirty teeth, carrying
one hundred and eighty-two drive one of two hundred
same
axis
fifty
teeth to
Let
this
on the same This
teeth.
and eleven
one of a hundred and
axis
last
is
will revolve
and
let this
The
two thousand
The
sidereal
day to within
last
places
of
one second in
years.
was only adopted when
sub-division of days into hours
earliest
five
error being, in fact, only about
mechanical means were
The
drive a
This
once in 86i64"o9o6 solar seconds, which
of a
the length
decimals.
one of
wheel must
wheel having two hundred and eighty-one teeth.
wheel
axis
having on the
teeth,
ninety-six,
an
wheel drive
made
available for measuring time.
time measurers have
the
dial
divided
into
Once round the dial was equal to The Romans divided days and nights twelve hours each. The first mention of a
twenty-four equal spaces.
a day and a night. into periods of
period of time, translated by the word hour, occurs in the Bible in
connection with
The we read in whose name was
Nebuchadnezzar's
dream.
Babylonian king having recounted his vision, the
Book
of
Daniel
:
—" Then
Daniel,
Belteshazzar, was astonished for one hour."
It is probable,
however, that the modern hour was not meant.
The
we
period of seven days, which
representative in the celestial world.
but some writers suppose traditional account
it
to
call
a week, has no
Its origin is obscure,
be a perpetuation of the
of the earth's creation.
It
certain that the sub-division of seven days has
is,
at
any
rate,
been used from
time immemorial. Sundials were the into smaller
instruments used to divide the day time.
From
observing that the
shadow the sundial was probably suggested ; impossible to fix any date for this. China was the birth-
sun's rays cast a it is
first
portions .of
CLEPSYDRAS. place of such instruments
;
3
there the study of astronomy was
practised upwards of two thousand years before Christ.
made
earhest record of sundials appears to be that
Book
of
on the
Hezekiah, about
Kings.
asked for a
sign, the
B.C.,
Ahaz
valley of the Nile long before the time of B.C.,
but the
B.C.,
The Chaldees Egyptians who dwelt in the
about two centuries older.
is
probably used sundials, also the
950
sick,
Pliny ascribes the invention to
Anaximander, a Greek philosopher, about 550 dial of
being
sun was set back ten degrees, as shown
King Ahaz.
dial of
713
The in the
Homer,
Abraham.
mentions the sun's diurnal and his annual race.
Sundials are
now
to
be met with frequently, they show
solar
time and not the mean time that a clock would indicate.
In
country places where watches are seldom used, most people tell
the time
by the
Local expressions referring to the
sun.
sun as the measurer of time
are
used in rural
Frequently the boy minding the herd
home all
his charge
show
by the shadow of a
solar time,
is
warned
districts.
to bring
These methods
stick.
which only agrees with mean time four
times a year.
Clepsydras, or water clocks, was
These were
species of time measurers.
name of
the
the next
vessels arranged for
the gradual flow of water from one to another, and thus the flight
of time was indicated.
to the
common
domestic
Hour-glasses, which are similar
articles
used
for
timing the boiling
of eggs, are a species of clepsydra in which sand instead of water. fact that
water runs out faster when there
took precautions to keep the clepsydra height.
Thus equal
With sand
is
used,
Probably the ancients were aware of the
quantities
this is different,
vessel kept constantly
a head of
it,
and
to a uniform
flowed out in
equal times.
dry sand wiU run out of a vessel
at a uniform rate irrespective of the full
is
filled
head
it
may
have.
A
of water will discharge a quantity
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
4
equal to itself if
An who
its
contents in half the time necessary for
instrument of this kind
says
it is
now
Archipelago.
which
in use
described by a recent writer,
is
on board the Proas of the Malayan
of a well-scraped cocoa-nut
this is a small hole,
and gradually
So nicely
the shell.
fills
end of an hour.
number of hours from
In the
shell.
through which a jet of water is
hole graduated to the capacity of the shell that at the
empty
to
It consists of a bucket, half filled with water, in
floats the half
bottom of rises
it
unreplenished.
the size of the it
sinks exactly
The man on watch then
cries out the
sunrise,
and
empty
sets the
shell afloat
again. is credited with having made a clepsydra about 370 They were introduced into Rome 157 b.c, and orators were timed by them. It appears that clepsydras, having wheels, were constructed and used about 245 b.c, and some
Plato
B.C.
of these time measurers possess ingenuity.
kind about 145
and to
evidence of considerable
Ctesibius, of Alexandria, B.C.,
made a machine
of this
which indicated the hours, days, months,
A system of wheel work was employed
signs of the zodiac.
register the cumulative effect of the water.
landing in Britain, 55
B.C.,
Caesar,
on
discovered by means of a clepsydra
that the nights were of shorter duration than
on the Continent.
which were graduated and
Alfred the Great used candles
It may now some-
showed the lapse of time by the quantity consumed. be here noted that the principle of the clepsydra times used for dividing time very minutely.
is
The
clock, sent
by Haroun al Raschid, Caliph of Bagdad, who died a.d. 809, to the Emperor Charlemagne, was but an improved form of clepsydra.
Horologes, as clocks were invented, but the date
is
formerly
motion by weights and springs
called,
were
next
Wheelwork set in was known in the time of
undetermined.
;
DE WYCK'S
CLOCK.
Archimedes, between 287 and 212
b.c.
5
The
construction of
a time measurer having a weight or spring seems to have been delayed for over a thousand years. Sylvestus
II.,
made a
Gerbert, afterwards
Pope
Magdeberg.
clock, a.d. 996, for
This
clock had a weight for the motive power, and an escapement
by which
it
was regulated.
The
knowledge.
It is the first of
oldest clock
mentioned
formerly fixed at Westminster, a.d. 1288.
above,
his time rapid progress
The pendulum, which Galileo Galelei,
the
England
is
is
one
Gerbert, mentioned
usually credited with producing the
is
and from
in
which we have any
in
was made
first
horologe
in clockwork.
usually ascribed as the invention of
commonly known by
seventeenth century,
his Christian
was used
name, early
hundred years
six
It would appear pendulum was not used successfully,
previously in the University of Cordova. that in
and
early days the
its
that,
regulated
up
to the time of Galileo, horologes were probably
by means of
was substituted for the
fly-wheels or fans. fly.
An
oscillating
arm
This occurred in the fourteenth
century.
Henry de Wyck, a German, Charles V. of France.
It
erected a clock in 1364 for
was controlled by means of a
contrivance consisting of a horizontal bar which pulsated by the action of the escapement.
The speed
of the pulsations
was regulated by the amount of weights hung on the their distance
acted
much
from the centre of
like the
the balance spring.
modern balance-wheel
bar, or
by
This contrivance
oscillation.
of a watch, without
Such a clock was the time measurer used
by Tycho Brahe, the Danish astronomer, who died
in 1601,
and by the astronomers of the sixteenth century.
Several
clocks of this kind were erected on the continent of
Europe
towards the end of the fourteenth century. vibrating
The De Wyck
arm was modified by Harris and applied
in Covent Garden,
London,
in 1641.
to a clock
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
6
Galileo, early in the seventeenth century,
on the isochronous
oscillations of
he published a small years later his son
pendulum.
treatise
made
observations
suspended bodies.
In 1639
embracing the subject.
Ten
said to have constructed a clock with a
is
Dutch natural philosopher,
Christian Huyghens, a
about the same time designed improved mechanism for recordof a pendulum.
ing the vibrations
He
also contrived the
present form of motion work so as to put the minute
the hour hand at the same centre.
Many
hand and
experiments were
made about
this time, and Hooke (bom 1635; died 1703) invented anchor pallets for clocks, which enabled long pendu-
He
lums to be used.
also
added a small
pendulum rod by which the centre of
sliding weight to the
gravity could be adjusted
with greater precision.
Watches were teenth century.
first
introduced at the beginning of the
It is difficult, at the present day, to
precisely the difference
between or
watches and clocks.
The
first
six-
determine
essential characteristics of
use of the word watch as
applied to a time-keeper occurs in a record dated 1542 in which it is stated that Edward VI. had " Onne larum or watch of iron."
If
we
distinguish a watch as being a portable time-
keeper, perhaps the dial
first
would be the compass or pocket sun-
used by the Chinese.
If
we
distinguish
portable timekeepers actuated by a spring, said to earliest
have been invented 1477, ™ust be considered the specimens.
Derham,
maker," says: "Watches as
show the parts of
striking
watches as
Nuremberg Eggs,
on a
bell,"
time,
&c.
in his quaint " Artificial Clock-
strictly taken, are all
such movements and clocks are such as publish it by But commonly the name of watch is
appropriated to such as are carried in the pocket, and that of clock to the larger movements, whether they strike the hour or not. As to watches which strike the hour, they are called pocket clocks.
EARLY WATCHES. made pocket
Peter Hale
watch and
A
Nuremberg
pronounced them
historians of the period
quite new.
clocks at
to
in
1500 and
be something
writer in 1511 accurately describes a striking
attributes the invention of
it
to Peter Hale,
who
These watches were called Nuremberg Eggs
died in 1540.
from the form of their
(bom 1423;
7
Purbach, a German astronomer
cases.
died 1461),
is
said to have used watches in his
observations.
The early watches had but one hand, showing the hours. They required winding twice a day. Originally the main-spring was a
The
straight piece of steel
but the shape was soon modified.
;
inner end was bent into a hooked form and attached to
the winding arbor.
A ratchet wheel and
click
were added and
the outer end of the spring was attached to one of the plates.
A guard
pin prevented an inordinate expansion of the main-
spring.
This arrangement
now used
is
American spring
in
clocks. Barrels, to contain the mainsprings,
and
their force, were introduced subsequently.
the metal
first
used in th emanufacture of watches
able. dial
;
till
16 10,
when
modern
Watches were of an
invented about 1664.
;
brass
was
Fusees were used in 1525, and a
employed about 1560.
catgut line served the office of the
form,
fusees, to equalise
Iron and steel were
chain,
the present round shape
which was egg-shaped
oval, or
became
fashion-
Metal covers were then used to protect the hands and glasses
were introduced about 1620.
of Shakespeare and Pepys
it
is
From
the writings
evident that watches were in
The clockmakers of the City of London were incorporated by royal charter in 1631. Robert Hooke, who is credited with the invention of the general use before 1600.
balance- spring, though the merit
him and Huyghens, was born supposed to have
first
is
in
hotly contended between
1635.
He
is
popularly,
applied the balance spring about 1661
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
8
having invented
it
some three years
previously.
was created an M.D., and he died r703. watch presented to Charles
Tompion
T.
by Barlowe
reads " Robt.
II.
In 1691 he
inscription
Hooke invt.
on a 1658.
Repeating watches were invented
1675."
fecit
An
in 1676.
George Graham, who was born in 1675, made many important improvements
Amongst
in the then existing time measurers.
the compensation
of pendulums.
his
principal inventions
He
used both the mercurial and gridiron compensation pendu-
is
lums of the present day.
The
ment now commonly used
in watches
cylinder, or horizontal, escape-
was invented by Graham.
So also was the dead beat escapement
named will
him.
after
He
for clocks,
died in 175 1, leaving a
ever remain associated
with
the
which
name
perfection
is
that
time
of
measurers.
Large rewards were offered during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by the Spanish, Dutch, French and English
governments
for
an instrument that should determine the
longitude at sea within a specified degree of accuracy.
many
offers led to
ducing a compensation for variations of temperature
much
These
ingenious devices with the object of pro-
ingenuity was brought to bear
;
and
on the perfection of time
measurers.
The Parliament of Queen Anne, in 17 14, passed an Act sum of ;^io,ooo for a method of discovering the longitude to within sixty geographical miles, this sum to be increased to ^j^i 5,000 if within forty miles, and the sum of
granting the
P^2o,ooo to be the prize thirty miles
prize
for
in a voyage
an instrument accurate to within
from England to America.
This
was gained by John Harrison, with a chronometer made
after thirty years of unremitting labour.
This instrument was
placed on board one of the king's ships, which sailed for Jamaica in 1758.
On
returning to Portsmouth, after an absence of five
JOHN HARRISON. months,
much
it
showed an
9
error of only eighteen miles, being very
within the limits of the largest prize.
John Harrison, mentioned above, was born near Pontefract, in Yorkshire, in 1693;
He made many
journeyman carpenter. ments
in
at
was
lie
Foulby,
originally a
valuable improve-
Having given
instruments for measuring time.
considerable attention to the requirements of an instrument
adapted for marine service, he proceeded to London in 1735 with a chronometer of his own construction, intended for determining the longitude, and obtained the prize.
he obtained p^ro,ooo of the reward, and other sums, amounting to ;^24,ooo in
Kensington
Museum
is
all.
In the Patent
in his eighty-third year.
and, excepting entirely of
the
wood.
He
died in 1776,
Museum
of the South
an eight day clock made by Harrison
It strikes the hours, indicates the
in 1715.
In 1764
in subsequent years
escape wheel,
all
its
day of the month, wheels are
made
This clock was going in 1871.
Considering the undeveloped state of skilled labour, as applied to the manufacture of such instruments, the chrono-
meter made by Harrison was a wonderful production. compensation balance applied to
it
The
overcame the variation in
by the expansion and contraction
of the ordinary
balance and its spring in different temperatures.
Thus a source
rate caused
of error,
till
then always present, was subjugated.
Thomas Mudge, born in
marine
_;^ 2, 5 00,
He
timekeepers.
in addition to
in Exeter,
In
made some improvements
1793
Parliament
voted
him
;^Soo that he had previously received.
invented a gravity escapement for clocks, and also the
lever escapement for watches.
This,
now
universal, escape-
ment was invented about 1780, and subsequently improvements were Paris, lever.
effected, the chief
being
those
of
Breguet, of
and Roskell, of Liverpool, who patented the detached
;
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
lo
Clocks and watches were taxed in 1797, and the tax was repealed in 1798.
Thomas Earnshaw, born
in 1749,
improved upon the conIn 1803 the Board
struction of the chronometer escapement.
of Longitude resolved to grant him ^^500, on condition that
he should disclose the construction of
Board be
also
recommended
The
his timekeeper.
that an additional
sum of;^2,soo
asked from Parliament, to do justice to the merits of
Eamshaw's
In 1805 the long contested award was made
case.
to him.
John Arnold, a very clever watchmaker, born several very intricate specimens of watch-work. fied the
made
in 1744,
He
simpli-
chronometer escapement, patented epicycloidal teeth,
and died
in 1799.
His son was voted a sum of ^1,678 by
the Board of Longitude.
The
present century has seen so
many improvements
measurers of
details of constructing time
all
kinds that
in the
it
would
be impossible to notice even those of practical value in a rea-
The preceding information has been
sonable space.
principally for the purpose of showing the
the art before
we can
it
arrived at
its
written
developments
present state of perfection.
of
Now
find time measurers with which the hundredth part of
a second can be measured, read, and registered with accuracy, ease,
and
It will
certainty.
be well here to notice the chief
characteristics
of
watches which are likely to come into the hands of a beginner, a knowledge of which will enable him to distinguish various kinds at a glance. (i)
Technically, watches are usually described:
by the material of the
case, as gold or silver; (2)
nationality, as English or foreign
as (4)
open
(3)
by
their
style of the case
face, crystal, glass, hunter, half-hunter, or pair-cased
by the escapements,
These
j
by the
as verge, cylinder, lever or duplex.
several characteristics belong to every watch.
It is
not
n
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATCHES.
see whether the cases of a watch are of gold or silver
difficult to
when
the Hall-mark
visible
is
and can be understood
;
but as
the greater portion of the watches in England are of foreign
manufacture, and frequently their cases are not Hall-marked,
some
further guide
bare inspection
aqua
or
forth,
However,
is
necessary.
To an
nitric acid,
show the base
incontestably
will
exprerienced eye a
and the application of
sufficient,
is
metal.
can scarcely be considered as part of
this subject
we have to deal only with the mechanism. To decide the nationality of a watch is far from easy. The superiority of English watches, which was at one time pro-
watch- work J as
verbial, has
been the cause of most persistent and ingenious
imitation on the part of foreigners, though their productions
could well afford to rely on their own merits in comparison
own at corresponding prices, and it is only to overcome popular prejudice that the imitation is made. In foreign watches the cases usually open at the back or dome whilst in English the movement itself is jointed to the belly of the case, with our
;
and the
its
inspection
is
effected
movement may be
by opening the
bezel,
by pressing the bolt with the thumb-nail. These are, however, by no means certain criteria. Watches with cylinder escapements Only a very
foreign.
ever been
made
movement
is
few,
old-fashioned, have
brass cap covering the
the English construction, though a
peculiar to
made
few foreign watches are
A
peculiarities
are almost invariably
and those very
country.
in this
and then
out at right angles to the case
lifted
with spring-caps, which
fly
up
on pressing a spring-catch, the English having a locking spring
on the
cap.
three-quarter-plate
ment
is
in
screwed to
— that
the one its
The
skeleton,
or cock-movement,
English makers usually
essentially foreign.
is
case
make
to say, the top-plate circular,
is
full-plate or
of the move-
having the balance-cock
surface, whilst in the other
a portion of the
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
12
plate this
is
way and
cut
the balance-cock fixed to the pillar plate,
made much
arrangement allowing the movement to be
thinner.
A verge
watch
is
known by
its
having the escape-wheel axis
at right angles to the axes of the other wheels, &c., the direc-
tion of motion being altered
A
fourth pinion.
by means of a crown wheel on the
crown wheel
one
is
in
which the teeth are
perpendicular to the plane of motion of the wheel, and by
watchmakers verge proper
two
That
wheel.
to the plates
capement
shaft having
the axis of the balance, a steel
this latter
is
face in a vertical plane
its
probably the reason
named. Verge watches are always
made now,
difficult
it
badly,
movement
why
for a
this es-
full-plate,
may come
so that any which
probably need
for repair will
perhaps the most
successfully,
runs with
of the watch so
is
they are not
is
is
The
termed a contrate wheel.
usually
is
which alternately engage the teeth of the escape-
pallets,
hands
it
but
into our
and an old verge beginner to tackle
though their low value makes them the most
accessible for experimenting upon.
The
cylinder, or horizontal watch,
recognised by having
is
The
a cylinder as the axis of the balance.
escape-wheel
usually of steel, with teeth of a triangular form.
watches are
made
their flatness,
and are the most inexpensive
Owing
to the small
compass into which cylinder
movements can be packed, they are invariably used smallest specimens of horological for ladies'
wear are
delicate handling age.
To
all
cylinders,
Very small
skill.
and they
by the inexperienced
flat
for the
watches
will require
very
to guard against break-
a certain extent the danger of breaking pivots
lessened by each axis having a cock peculiar to tirely
They
and France.
by
are characterised to produce.
principally in Switzerland
is
Cylinder
independent of
all
the other axes
of small calibre are always
made
;
itself,
cylinder
is
and en-
movements
with cocks throughout.
LEVER ESCAPEMENTS. The
lever escapement
modem make.
The
used in
is
all
13
English watches of
majority of American watches are levers
and Continental makers manufacture them very escapement
watch
is
the best for
is
required,
and
others sometimes take
watches
and the
—one
is
sories,
be
lever
is
axis
readily seen in
of the
at
axis
its
axis
lever
and the
on which the lever oscUlates
in the other
escapements, and
once apparent that the lever and
including
balance,
Thus the
dispensed with in the verge and the
The
no corresponding part
will
The
intermediary, between the balance
cylinder escapement.
it
only to suit peculiarities that
place.
embracing the escape-wheel.
escape-wheel, which
finds
ordinary purposes for which a
is
end connected with the
pallets
an
forms
all
it
its
;
This
largely.
bearings,
are items which
all
its
acces-
have to be
provided over and above the component parts of a cylinder watch.
The
peculiarities
scribed under
its
of each characteristic will be found de-
heading in the glossary.
H
CHAPTER
II.
A WATCH MOVEMENT AND TAKE IT APART. IfHERHAPS lEL^ill
greatest
of
mechanism
all
charm
that of
HOW
a watch has the
The
for the ingenious amateur.
ness of the pieces and the cleanliness that
is
TO
small
indispensable in
all
operations connected with watch repairing, form an additional
reason for
general favour amongst those of a mechanical
its
turn of mind. It
has been said that " watch-repairing cannot be learned
from books
;
"
and undoubtedly there
the assertion
;
but at the same time
is
a great deal of truth in
it is
almost as correct to
say that watchmaking cannot be learned without books, for
such a comprehensive knowledge, mechanical and
scientific,
is
necessary to ensure uniform success that incessant book-study
is
quite as necessary as It is
watch their
workshop
tuition.
customary for apprentices to try their hands on a verge first,
and there are
example
:
amongst
several
others,
good reasons
it is
larger
for following
and stronger than
is
usually the case with watches that have the cylinder or lever
escapement, more simple in should be broken, not so is
therefore advisable
first
experiments
;
if
its
construction,
difficult
if
possible, to select a verge
and we
will
which only requires cleaning
any part
watch
It
for
suppose one to be accessible
and examining, and proceed
minutely discuss the method of doing It will
and
or expensive to replace.
to
this.
be unnecessary to further mention the duplex, chro-
nometer, and some other escapements not in general use, as
TAKING APART. they are not likely to
fall
into the
15
hands of a beginner
for
adjustment.
In the main, the same method must always be followed
whatever kind of watch
must be understood use,
no matter what
in hand,
is
and these
to apply to every kind of sort of
neatly arranged the tools
escapement
it
instructions
watch in general
may
have.
upon the work-board
Having
at the
right
hand, and placed a clean sheet of note-paper in the centre,
we
are quite ready to
tion is the great
although there
be
commence our
secret of
may be
success
Careful examina-
task.
in
watch-repairing,
and
every reason for believing the watch to
in perfect condition,
we must
carefully look for
any defects
that might exist.
The
intention
taking a
is
common
now
to minutely describe the operation of
and putting them
verge watch to pieces
together again properly, at the same time describing the tools
used as they are named in connection with the work in hand, giving instructions for the manufacture of those which
made by
the beginner
;
may be
and then to go on through various kinds
of watches, and give instructions for effecting repairs of an
come
ordinary nature which will
within
scope
the
of
a
beginner.
The
tools required for the purpose are neither
costly; a small screwdriver
which
is
is,
absolutely indispensable; a pocket knife having a
small blade will be useful; tweezers are also desirable.
ported by this
numerous nor
perhaps, the only special tool
its
and a pair of watchmaker's
The movement has
to be sup-
circumference whilst being taken apart, and for
purpose the watchmaker's eye-glass
though hard wood rings are
made
dealers in watchmakers' materials.
however, a good substitute ring of a table-napkin.
is
specially,
may be
generally
used,
and sold by most
In the absence of these improvised by using the
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
I6
The
and other parts of the movement are
plates, wheels,
Such brushes may be
cleaned by brushing with a soft brush.
had from
dealers in materials,
A piece of
upwards. chalk,
and
dry bread, or better, a lump of French
used to rub the brush on, and so free
is
Tissue paper
dirt.
ment
and cost from about eightpence
is
whilst being brushed,
over the parts which are cleaned.
The
is
used to cover enumerated
articles
that are really required for the operation of simply
all
must be added a bottle of
cleaning a watch, but to these
watch
from grease
and an inverted wineglass, one
having the foot broken off being preferable,
are
it
used to hold the parts of the move-
oil,
with which to lubricate the bearings before setting
the machine in motion. Screwdrivers
but one
may be
can be bought for eightpence or a shilling; easily
chanical manipulation.
made by one having any skill in meThe main shaft of the turnscrew may
be made from pinion wire or any cylindrical rod of about threesixteenths of an inch in diameter, having
grooved so as to afford a good grip
its
surface facetted or
for the fingers.
The
total
length of the screwdriver, from the blade to the button, should
The button
be three and a half to four inches.
is
about the
threepenny piece, and revolves freely on a pivot at
size of a
the end of the shaft, the pivot being riveted over to prevent off. The blade is similar to a bradawl in may be about one half to three quarters of an inch is, of course, hardened and tempered. The screw-
the button falling
shape, and long.
It
driver
is
used by the watchmaker in a very different fashion to
that practised his right rolls
by other craftsmen.
The watchmaker
hand, and placing the index
finger
uses only
on the button, he
the cylindrical shaft of the screwdriver between the
and the middle
mode
finger.
The beginner should
thumb
practise
this
of handling the tool, and cultivate a sensitive touch, so
that he can feel exactly what he
is
doing.
If the screwdriver
;
TOOLS USED. slips
from the
of a screw an ugly scratch
slit
of steel the blade
usually filed
is
fitted
is
When
the path of the tool across the plate.
but a brass shaft
17
down from
with a steel blade
sure to follow
the shaft
is
made
the solid metal
A
equally good.
is
constant practitioner at watchwork should provide himself with three or for
more screwdrivers
— one
for general use, a small
one
removing jewel screws, the heads of which are sometimes
less than
a sixty-fourth of an inch in diameter, and a large one,
with a blade say one-eighth of an inch wide, to remove large pillar screws,
The
&c.
screwdriver for general use
just over one-sixteenth in width
to
and
;
this is the tool
may be assumed
be provided. Tweezers
quite plain,
for
watchwork are best bought.
made
tapering,
Do
the closed end, to the points. fancifully shaped.
The
a shiUing.
They should be
from about half an inch wide
A good pair,
at
not have those which are
made
of
steel, will
points should be hardened
cost about
and tempered, and
care must be exercised in clipping pieces of brass in them, as
the steel will scratch.
Brass tweezers are used in order to pre-
vent such a mishap, but for the general run of work steel ones
The
are preferable.
and the
ing-cases, are not
An
eyeglass
adjuster,
inside of the jaws are left quite smooth,
serrated tweezers, such as are usually found in dress-
is
adapted for watchwork. usually considered indispensable to the watch
though I entirely disagree with such a theory.
It
requires considerable practice to enable one to hold the glass
properly by the skin around the eye without further assistance,
and when the
feat is
accomplished but questionable benefit
eyeglass if his
recommend anyone to work without an eyesight is sufficiently good to enable him to
see properly.
With regard
results.
I
strongly
have in holding an eyeglass,
to the difficulty it
is
which beginners
equally easy to hold a glass
of one or two inches in diameter, or any intermediate size.
c
THE WATCH JOBBER'S BANDYBOOK.
i8
To
upper edge under a
grip the glass press the
by the eyebrow, and
skin just
of an inch
;
then
raise
the lower edge of the glass
let
skin of the cheek under the eye,
Time alone
furmly gripped.
tomed
and the
will
to wearing an eye-glass
fall
glass will
upon the be found
render the beginner accus-
and
;
slight fold of
upwards about a quarter
it
is
it
by no means an
in-
dispensable accomplishment.
The brush used
for cleaning
should be
brushing a piece of French chalk, such as biUiard cues serve the
or, failing that,
;
kept clean by
used for chalking
a piece of very dry bread will
When
same purpose.
itself is
very dirty the brush should be
washed with soap and warm water, and
it
must be thoroughly
For
dried before being again used on the parts of a watch.
some
cleaning
parts alder pith
often used.
is
by material dealers. The bench on which to make our may be the drawing-room table, for
This
is
sold
in bundles
done to use it
is
firm table will
do
;
essay in watchwork
the
and
harm
that will
to prepare
it
be
for our
only necessary to spread a double sheet of white note
paper on
it
near one side, and place a seat in a convenient
With the
position. tial
Any
it.
first
all
and materials enumerated as essen-
tools
lying within easy reach,
and the watch to be operated on
now suppose the novice commence operations on a verge be done is to get the movement out
in the centre of the sheet of paper,
seated at the bench ready to
watch.
The
of the case.
first
thing to
This
watches, but verge cases will
by a
done
differently in different
movements
and bolt.
be found a small
makes of
are invariably fixed in their
At a point
steel projection,
just
under the
figure
VI.
forming a spring catch-
Press this in (towards the centre),
bolt.
will
joint
is
and the movement
be opened outwards, there being a joint at the
figure
XII.
The
joint-pin should
be pushed out before opening the
REMOVING THE HANDS. movement, and
t3rros
put in the joint with
should remember that the pin
is
always
end towards the knuckle of
smallest
its
and must
the bezel,
19
therefore always
be pushed out in the
The pin is generally pushed tweezers ; though a special tool made
direction of from the IX. to the III.
out with the points of the
by
inserting a steel pin in a handle,
The
and
called a joint-pusher.
majority of watch-jobbers, however, use the tweezers.
After removing the joint-pin open the movement, and
close
it
up,
and
lay
it
will
Put the joint-pin loose inside the case,
drop out of the case.
on one
side
till
the
movement has
to be
replaced.
Removing
the hands
times done before the
This
the next process.
is
movement
is
is
some-
taken from the case, and
perhaps the better plan for general adoption, as when
is
the
movement
is
laid
on
its
most prominent point, and
back the balance-cock forms the if
any pressure
is
inadvertently
brought to bear on the movement the verge stands a chance of being bent or broken.
A pair of nippers, with their cutting
jaws at an angle of about 45° with the handles,
is
the tool for
removing the hands, but not being yet provided with such a tool
we must
use those that
we
have, and a penknife will serve
the purpose almost as well as the nippers, and skilful work-
men
use the one or other with indifference.
minute-hand
first,
by
Take
off the
pressing the point of the knife-blade
under the hand at the cannon pinion, and by a gentle twist prize the
may be used in place of may be used simultaneously, one on each cannon pinion. The seconds-hand and hour-hand
hand
off; the screw-driver
the knife, or the two side of the
are taken off precisely similarly, extra caution being exercised
with respect to the seconds-hand, as the pivot on which fixed
is
very
When
it
is
fragile.
the hands are off remove the dial thus
:
— Take
off
the cap and lay the movement, dial downwards, on the eye-
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
20
on some annular stand which
glass, or
near
will
support the dial
edge, and allow the projecting square of the cannon
its
pinion to go free
then, penknife in hand, search for the feet,
;
which come through the lower or
pillar plate,
holding the dial
There are three of them, each having a pin-hole diame-
on.
trically across
it
the pins are
:
drawn out by pressing the knife-
blade slightly into them quite close to the
The
prizing the pins out.
three pins thus
and by a
feet,
twist
removed should be
put aside, and the movement and dial will come apart.
Under
the dial, running quite loose on a small stud, will be
found the minute-wheel, which communicates the motion of the cannon-pinion
must be looked free to
after,
or
will
it
drop off when the dial
the cannon-pinion
is
probably be
arbor of the
the hour-wheel, to which the hour-hand
is
centre-wheel,
The cannon-pinion and then turning
it
quite free of
its
quite
tight,
yet free
backwards and forwards,
much
as possible.
all
arbor,
and the only defect
likely to
but very rarely out of
is
come under
on the centre arbour.
This
placing a hair from the cleaning brush
like
and so jambing
way
the while
It will
the notice of
a beginner will be that of the cannon-pinion not
file,
rotate.
soon be and should be put with the hour and This series of wheels and pinion forms coloff as
minute wheels. lectively the " motion work," which
ciently tight
to
taken off by gripping the square firmly,
is
drawing the cannon
pinion,
being quite
lost,
Running loose on
removed.
the cannon-pinion itself being fitted on the projecting
is fixed,
order,
This minute-wheel
the hour-wheel.
to
it
on the
inside
arbor.
A
fitting suffi-
remedied by
is
the cannon-
more f^orkman-
of effecting the same purpose
a notch on two
sides
of the
is to file, with a round cannon about midway
between the ends, and the burrs resulting
will
make
the
fit
sufficiently tight.
The
dial
off,
and motion work removed, next
lay the
move-
REGULATORS. ment
face
When
downwards
side
movement
the
to
21
unscrew the
balance-cock.
in this position take care that the
is
projecting seconds pivot, which carries the seconds-hand, does
not touch anything or screw, by turning lying in
That
it
may
Unscrew the cock-
get broken.
it
one of the points between the plate
inserting
for the purpose.
Lift the
The
aside.
it
cock bodily away from ihe plate
lifting
should be done vertically, so
avoid bending the verge pivot, and
to
and leave
remove the cock.
foot of the cock, this latter having a small slot filed in
and place as
it
quite clear of the thread,
place, then, with the tweezers,
its
done by
is
and the
it
this
will
leave
the balance exposed, showing the balance-spring and regulator.
At one
this
point
fitted to
may be found one
of two kinds of regulator,
the hole in the top-plate, through which the verge
passes, the other fitted to a circular groove cut in a piece of brass, usually of a highly
to the upper plate. first
ornamental character, fixed by screws
Irrespective of the form of regulator, the
thing necessary
is
to
mark
the position of the
end of the
balance-spring which passes through the balance-spring stud,
and
is
fixed in
watch plate
it
by a brass
at the
pin.
end of the
Make
a slight scratch on the
spring, so that
when
the watch
is
put together again you can be sure of repinning the spring in the
same
position.
Considerable care will be necessary to avoid
any mishap in removing the pin which holds the balance-spring in the stud
;
press out the pin by the aid of the tweezers,
by gently turning the balance get the spring If the will
watch
is
commence
and
clear of the stud.
not completely run down the train of wheels to rotate as soon as the verge
is
disengaged
from the escape-wheel, which, by the way, is always called 'scape-
wheel by watchmakers. holding
it
So be careful in lifting out the balance,
with the tweezers by one of
that the teeth of the scape-wheel
its
arms near the centre,
do not get damaged.
By
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
22
keeping a finger against the edge of the crown wheel whilst taking out the balance
When
the balance
is
all
danger
be avoided.
will
out, let the
watch run down to the
full
down
the
extent of the main-spring, and then proceed to " let
On
spring.''
one end of the barrel arbor
steel ratchet-wheel held
side where the dial
by a
comes
;
click
—
will
be found a
this is generally
on the
with the screw-driver slack back
the click-screw half a turn, and note the tooth of the ratchet-
wheel which
it
engages
;
with a
end of the barrel arbor give a
good key on the projecting slight turn
towards winding
the spring up, and after disengaging the click let the spring
uncoU
same time notice how much
at the
itself,
which may be from one quarter to nearly a whole done, the chain will
lie
loose
on the
barrel,
and
it
does so,
turn.
This
this latter
may
be taken out by removing the " name bar " held to the top
by two screws, and forming the bearing of the barrel
plate
arbor
;
bar, as
called the barrel bar, or
it is
on
maker.
it
This bar
off,
the barrel
has been unhooked from the fusee and taken out.
it
;
is
name is
then unhooked from
be advisable
for the beginner
hooks on the ends of the chain,
and remember which belongs
to the fusee
The two hooks have
and
barrel ends
quite a different form, that
one having a peculiar, long tail belongs to the is
of the ostensible
taken out after the chain
the chain
It will
to take especial notice of the
respectively.
more frequently the name
usually engraved the
is
barrel.
If there
any ornamental work fixed to the top-plate by screws,
remove
it,
leaving
which they came,
all
the screws resting in the holes from
to save
any confusion when putting together
again.
The
top-plate
from the four
may now be taken
pillars,
off
by drawing the pins
using the blade of the penknife, as
previously explained, or the points of the tweezers,
be more
serviceable.
When
if
found to
the pins are out and put on one
REMOVING THE TOP PLATE. side
— each
one having
being interchangeable
its
23
special place, and, as a rule, not
—care should be taken to so arrange
the pins that their respective places will be easily the watch has to be got together again.
all
known when
Lift the top-plate
gently from the piUar-plate, keeping the two as parallel as possible, so that the pivots will not
be broken, taking especial
care of the crown wheel, which will probably be caught
potence-cock
— that one which forms
by the
the bearing for the lower
verge pivot, and also of the wheel end of the escape pinion. It is
sometimes necessary to take the crown wheel from between
the plates before these can
be got asunder.
Carefully notice the position of each wheel of the train, so that
you may have a good general idea of how they go back
then with the tweezers take out each separately, wheel,
if
;
the crown
first
named
not already out, through the circumstances
above, then the fusee, next the centre wheel, and finally the third wheel.
It
wUl be found that the wheels
lie
one over the
other in the order named, and thus they must be taken out in
The
that rotation.
pillar-plate will
now be
left
the technical
name
for all the
fusee to the scape-wheel
pendent
of the others,
and
positions of each
—
train
its
place, each wheel inde-
thus familiarise himself with the
all.
Turning over the top-plate we find the scape-wheel fixed to
and the endshake should be
it ;
be the same when the watch edge of the plate through
This plug out
removed its
is
to
bearing.
is
release
entirely,
so that
it
called
the
still
may
Near the
put together again.
fitted
for the pivot of the scape-
the
follower,
scape-wheel.
but sufficiently
The
tried,
be found a stud having a plug
and forming a bearing
it,
pinion.
drawn
will
is
wheelwork in a watch, from the
—back in
and
and the
bare,
beginner will be well employed in putting the train
far to let
It
and must be need not be
the pivot
fall
potence-cock, previously alluded
out of
to, is re-
24
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
moved by
taking out the single screw which holds
on the same
prevents the watch from being over-wound.
removed
it,
and then
plate will remain only the stopwork catch
for cleaning,
but the way to do so
pin on which the stop-finger
is
pivoted.
advisable for beginners to leave
all
This is
is
which
often not
to take out the
It will,
however, be
unnecessary work undone.
Parts which appear to be removable, but which are not or need not be disturbed, are the balance-spring stud on the face
of the top plate ; the stopwork, including stopwork stud, stopfinger
third
and
spring,
on the underside of the same plate
and fourth wheels bar on the
;
the
dial side of the pillar-plate,
forming the bearings of the wheels named, and held by two screws, the stud
on which the minute-wheel revolves; the
locking bolt, which holds the
movement
in the case,
and
its
spring; the corresponding joint, and, of course, the pillars,
The names of these may make and having now taken our watch
which must on no account be loosened.
pieces are given so that the student at watchwork
himself familiar with them
thoroughly apart,
we must
bell glasses or inverted
;
figuratively cover the pieces with
wine glasses till the chapter on Cleaning
has been perused and then we will put the watch together again.
CHAPTER
III.
EXAMINING, CLEANING, AND PUTTING TOGETHER. CONSIDERING to those
that the early chapters are addressed
who have
absolutely
no experience
in
watch
work, directions are not here given for ascertaining and correcting faults which to
comprehend or
would be quite beyond the beginner either
rectify.
This
Cleaning will be the next process.
dirt,
dried
oil,
&c.,
is
Hold
removed.
simply done by
is
brushing each part Hghtly with a clean brush
till
the adhering
the pieces in the fingers
with tissue paper, and, as cleaned, put them under a glass
cover; clean the whole movement.
The
plates, after
being
brushed, must have each hole cleaned out by the aid of peg-
wood, and every care must be taken every particle of dust, &c.
No
removal of
and the beginner wiU have movement together without touching
to stain the plates or other parts
some
to ensure the
finger-marks must be allowed
trouble in putting a
;
the gilding with his fingers.
The wheels and
pinions must be well brushed,
and the
leaves of the pinions thoroughly cleaned with a pointed piece
of pegwood.
A small piece of elder
for cleaning the pivots.
When
be best adapted
pith will
the dirt and
oil are
removed
from every piece, and the pivot holes in the plates " pegged out " until the is
pegwood comes out
ready for further examination.
quite clean, the First
see
movement
that the pillars
are all tight in the frame, likewise the studs that secure the
" brass edge " to the frame
when
the dial
is
not pinned on
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
26
upon a
tightened it is
may be
;
and
filing block,
in
out, or the
two ways.
be
carefully rivet the pillar
till
end of
pillar
and
drill
File off the broken
to use a smaller
Proceed
Hold
drill,
and
may be
fit
pillar
make a
repaired
a
till
little
mark
centre
drill it will safely bear,
form a new
in a piece of brass wire to
end, in which the pin-hole
may be
off, it
end of the
a deep hole with the largest fit
or
If either of the pin-holes are
broken
lower than the surface of the top-plate,
and then
pillars
and pinning on the
tightened, removing the dial
brass-edge to the pillar-plate.
broken
pillar to
then rest the end of the
In a similar manner the brass-edge
quite firm.
studs
on the top-plate
If either of the pillars are loose, pin
direct.
with four examining pins
The
drilled.
pillar
way
other
is
in a screw.
on
to try if all the wheels are tight
their pinions.
the pinion firmly between the smooth jaws of a pair of
old pliers (or preferably a pair brass or copper lined), and see that the wheel has
no movement
wards, or up and down.
must be
fixed securely.
backwards and
either
If a wheel
is
for-
found to be loose,
it
Place the arbor in one of the holes of
a pinion-stake, so that the pinion-head rests firmly upon it, and, with a half round punch and hammer, carefully rivet the pinion until the
wheel
is tight
and runs true and
Wheels mounted upon brass in the verge
flat.
collets, like
required to be treated rather differently. firmly
upon the jaws
in the vice,
the contrate-wheel
movement, and the escape-wheel
The
in the lever,
collet
must
rest
of a pair of clams, the clams being held
and then the brass
rivet
burred over
slightly.
In
the case of a lever escape-wheel, great care must be exercised, or the wheel will be found out of
being
made
true
flat,
and
it
will
not admit of
by the ordinary method of bumping.
The
best method of making it secure is to carefully fix the pinion arbor in the clams, and then use a fine, sharp-pointed punch,
making two or three burrs on the
rivet of the collet.
By
this
;
REPLACING A TOOTH. means the wheel
is
thrown out of
rarely
27
Ordinary
flat.
wheels are riveted as nearly as possible true in if
flat,
necessary, the arms of the wheel are bent to
perfectly
bumping-up
hammer
To do
flat.
stake,
until the
be examined
this the
wheel
it
run
end of a
The wheels must
true.
further
any of the crossings are broken, or any
to see if
of the teeth broken or bent.
penknife, or sometimes
broken
is
make
laid across the
is
flat
then,
and the crossings gently tapped with the
wheel runs
frequently be prized to
If a tooth
and
If a
tooth
by means of the off,
bent,
is
may
it
proper position by the blade of a
its
tweezers.
a new tooth can be put in
;
but
it
never advisable to put in more than one tooth at the same
is
A
part of the wheel.
wheel having three or four consecutive
teeth broken off should be discarded as quite unfit for service,
and replaced by a new one. of wear, are rusty, or in any
be
carefully burnished
till
If
quite smooth
ends properly rounded up.
tended
to,
any of the pivots show
way rough
When
put the centre-wheel in
all
its
and
straight,
and the
these points are at-
place in the frame, and
pin on the top-plate with the examining pins, and see centre-wheel runs that the pinion
flat is
with the pillar-plate,
upright.
signs
or uneven, they must
if
the
other words,
or, in
This being done, the depths,
endshakes, and pivot-holes claim attention.
First, try
the
great wheel depth with the centre pinion, observing particularly at the
same time
the frame, for
if it
that the fusee stands quite upright in
leans at all towards the barrel, most likely
the chain will not run on properly, but slip up the fusee.
See that the pivot-holes are right if
not, alter as
may be
the centre-wheel
depth
size,
Try
necessary.
with
and endshakes
the
in the
third
correct
same manner
pinion,
the third
wheel depth with the fourth pinion, and the fourth wheel depth with the escape pinion, taking care to observe the pivot-holes
and
endshakes.
See,
also,
that
the
centre
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
28
wheel
bed and the
free of its
is
third wheel of the pillar-
plate.
To
the barrel, fusee, and centre-
adjust the mainspring,
wheel are placed within the frame, and the top-plate pinned
The
on.
chain
is
then attached to the fusee by the small
hook, and to the barrel by the large hook, and
round the
The
by turning the
latter
ratchet
is
one turn given the rod, until
The
fusee
to see as
it
is
it
the arbor
The
to the fusee.
however,
it
is
turned round about
The
is
then
moved along
first,
less
mark
with the chain, and tested
filled
till
the spring
power
same power at the
is
is
is
made upon
last turn
found to have more
not set up enough.
If,
than at the
first,
at the last turn
When
up too much.
set
weight
If the last turn
first.
shows
slight
is
exactly counterbalances the force of the spring.
then turned
did at the
it
is,
required to pull the chain tight.
the mainspring exerts the
if
found a
is
then secured to the winding square, and about
power than the then
—that
more than
adjusting rod
tight
bench key.
placed on the barrel arbor, and the spring set
is
up about half a turn half a turn
wound up
barrel arbor with a
the correct adjustment
is
end of the top pivot
of
the
the barrel arbor, and a corresponding one on the name-plate or top-plate, as the case attention
is
may
Another item requiring
be.
the cannon-pinion, see that
it
does not confine the
shake of the centre-wheel, and also that the cannon-pinion teeth are free of the third-wheel teeth.
The
examination of the watch being concluded, with the
—which
exception of the escapement to be correct
—
it
for the present
we assume
only remains to clean the different parts and
put them together again.
The
must now be
greatest care
taken to thoroughly clean each piece, and keep
movement is replaced in the case. The mainspring should be taken out of
it
clean until
the
cleaned.
To
get the spring out,
first
the barrel
and
take the lid off the barrel
MAINSPRINGS. by
29
inserting the point of the tweezers in the notch
be found
at the
lever, with the
which
will
edge of the barrel cover, and using them as a
The
edge of the barrel as fulcrum.
out the barrel arbor,
firstly
unhooking
to get the spring out seize
it
lid off, take
from the spring, then
it
by the centre part and draw
As soon
outwards, holding the barrel firmly the while. or three coUs are out, the remainder will
as
it
two
out of themselves,
fly
and the operator should guard against damage by holding the spring in the barrel,
and allowing
Especial care will be necessary
and the end has to be unhooked. barrel
cleaned by drawing
it
mop
Clean the inside of the
do
to
it is
far
The
out the barrel.
spring
Thus the spring and the
be cleaned of all the old
To put the spring back is
gradually.
comes out
is
between the jaws of the tweezers, which
are covered with tissue paper.
how
the last coil
by wrapping a piece of tissue paper on the end of a stick
of pegwood, and with that
will
come out
to
it
when
more
is
barrel
oil.
not a very easy job, and to explain
In the trade a special tool
difficult.
used, called a spring winder, having a nose piece, corre-
sponding to the barrel arbor, which handle, and so the spring
is
inside the barrel, then this
catches the barrel
by hand, the
in
is
small enough to go
done.
must be held
outer end of the spring laid in
rotated by turning a
till
put on, and
is
hook the job
barrel
is
up
coiled
it
when
the spring
In putting the spring
in the left hand,
in such
and the
a position that the
eye will catch on the hook, then by coiling the spring slightly it
may be
got in the barrel, a small piece at a time, the opera-
tion occupying but a few seconds to that spring inside the barrel in
apt to the
fly out.
way
and
do
be careful to hold
;
place, or the
whole
Clock springs are usually put
explained,
be found
its
and
after a little practice
in replacing the spring.
also the holes in
which
it
no
in
lot is
very
by hand
in
difficulty will
Clean the barrel arbor,
works in the
lid
and
barrel,
put
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
30
hook catches the eye of the and then snap on the cover; this is done with the it
spring,
in its place, see that the
fingers
by pressing the cover against the edge of the bench. not forget that the friction on the barrel arbor is between
alone, or
Do it
and the
and not
barrel,
The
those in the plates.
when
in the barrel
coils, it
wUl
that the spring
The chain running
When
uncoiled again.
hooked
is
is
at
round a
stick of
lay
it
oil
when
the barrel
it
on the this is
oiled, see
is
both ends before putting
cleaned by wiping
to
be well oiled
by putting two or three drops of
when cleaned
;
The slip,
it
j
and not
to the barrel holes,
spring itself should
distribute itself all over the spring
wound up and
chain
in the pivot holes of the plates, so
must be applied
that the oil
it
down.
with tissue paper, and
pegwood; no
put to the
oil is
out straight, ready for putting on.
potence-cock must be well cleaned, and the dovetailed
which holds the endstone jewel against which the bottom
verge pivot works, must be removed to allow the pivot hole to
be cleaned.
Before this cock
is
screwed into
its
place again
put a very small quantity of oil in the verge pivot hole, as afterwards there will be
no chance of getting
a small quantity of
oil
be used
to flow
on
to the
is sufficient
is
it.
That only
most important,
for if there
body of the verge
reach the bottom pallet, and from this the
veyed to the escape-wheel
The escape-wheel
itself
at
teeth,
is
sure to
oil will
be con-
it
which must be guarded against
must be placed
in
its
bearings,
and
these have to be oiled before the pivots are put into the holes.
That some of the pivot holes must be
ment
is
impossible to get at some bearings
The
oil
A
when the
move-
it is
quite
plates are together.
used must be that specially prepared for watchwork
and sold by material needle,
oiled whilst the
apart must not be forgotten by beginners, as
made
dealers.
of brass,
is
To
used,
apply the
oil
a very fine
or a pivot broach will do.
beginner usually errs in putting too
much
oil
:
in practice
a
;
PUTTING TOGETHER. small quantity
from
where
and
sufficient,
is
intended place, and
its
presence
its
if
more
is
31
put
it
sure to get into
is
away some part
runs
probably be a source of continual
will
trouble.
The
great wheel which forms part of the fusee
cated, and
This
properly cleaned.
which
is
must be
lubri-
should be removed from the fusee arbor and
it
done by pushing out the
is
pin,
put diametrically through the fusee arbor just below
the great wheel, between
it
and the bottom
pivot.
This pin
holds on a steel collet which forms the flange against which the lower side of the great wheel takes
its
bearing, the upper
side being against the base of the scroll part of the fusee
thus the wheel
The
clickwork
is is
free to revolve
and great wheel, and
moved ;
independent of the fusee.
contained within the thickness of the fusee will
be seen as soon as the wheel
clicks engaging in
it
on opposite
sides, together
with their
springs are fixed to the upper face of the great wheel. all
the clickwork and re-oU
it
that
collet
probably foul the centre wheel. it
At
this stage
the
is
we
it
to see
are ready to put the watch together.
the base on which the whole
first
piece to operate on.
bolt-spring are both screwed
built up,
The and
See that the bolt and
after the plates
were taken
This done, lay the plate on the top of the eyeglass,
asunder.
some other convenient
may go
is
on; also the joint and any parts
which may have been removed or on
does not project, or
Try the clickwork
acts all right before laying the fusee aside as done.
pUlar-plate this is
Clean
before putting the fusee together.
See that the pin holding the fusee will
re-
is
the ratchet wheel being fixed to the fusee, and two
through
fireely.
cover the whole as required. contrivance
is
stand, so that the centre pivot
Have a
glass at
To
hand with which
to
hold the movement a special
sold which has three jaws to clip the plate with,
and this forms a convenient means of handling the
movement
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
32
as
These appliances are
being put together.
it is
ever, generally
not,
how-
used by the trade, though they are certainly
very handy for a beginner. All being ready for putting together, the to
is
first
item to attend
the oiling of the pivots which cannot be reached with the
oiler after the
movement
is
together.
In the verge movement
these are the foot hole of the potence, the follower
dovetail hole,
hokj and the pivots of the barrel arbor, on which the
barrel turns,
and the jewel holes
which have end-
in the frame
stones or cover-pieces.
The which
first
lies
piece to be put
next to
it,
on the
pillar-plate is the
the circular cutting beneath the centre wheel in
first,
that
is,
wheel.
;
is
in
its
the centre wheel
These being
all
;
hole
;
then the fusee, and
finally
and then
will
pivot,
the
The crown wheel requires special several things tend to make it liable to
plate is put over that before
pillars.
its
pinion that
carefully
be the most pro-
minent
so high up on
and
their holes in the top-plate.
In putting on the plate the fusee square
is
the crown
in position put the top-plate on,
and gradually get the pivots into
and the
staff.
then put in the next wheel,
get the pillars into their respective holes,
ling, as
put this wheel
using the tweezers and holding by the pinion
See that the pivot
wheel
generally the third wheel which lies in
it
it
comes
to
care in hand-
breakage.
It
becomes top-heavy, and so
the top pivot gets away from the hole in the top-plate; the
potence-cock and follower are apt to
come in contact with the when the plates are brought together, break off the bottom pivot. As soon as the complete in its bearings a shght pressure on the great train is running wheel will cause the whole to rotate, and thus show that all Now put the pins in the pillars, remems in running order. bering that each pin has its special pillar, and that they are not periphery of the wheel, and may,
interchangeable as a rule.
ADJUSTING MAINSPRING. The
barrel
found here.
is
now
opening of the top-plate
with
its
two screws.
much on
;
then lay on the name-bar and
now be put
the
movement
which
is
on,
in such a position that that
the barrel-hook
may be
the pillar towards the barrel
;
is
;
slightly
all right.
out,
will
hold
get the hole in which the chain in.
Now get a key on the
and, keeping the chain on the periphery of till
in a convenient place for hooking
Put the ratchet wheel on the barrel arbor, and
up
on
end of the chain on
the barrel with the thumb, wind the chain on the fusee end
;
passed from the fusee inside
hooks in position, and hook the chain square of the barrel
fit
and here the beginner
Having the chain straightened
find a tedious job.
down
If the pins were replaced in the
holes from which they were taken, the bar will
chain must
fix
even project
long, or
only one side, the name-bar cannot be screwed
see to this as you go along.
The
in the circular
If the pins through the pillars, which
by the name-bar, are too
are covered
be
difficulty will
down
see that the arbor passes through
;
the hole in the pillar-plate it
and no
to be put in,
Place the barrel right side
33
by turning
the :
hook
at
which do.
set the spring
the barrel arbor in the direction in-
dicated by the slope of the teeth of the ratchet wheel, and allow the click to hold the ratchet. spring
is felt
by the chain the fusee
Directly the power of the will
be made to
turn,
and
made The spring must be set up as much will at once indicate this. as necessary, which will be known by remembering how much it was set up before taking the movement apart, screw the click down firmly, and that part is done. the whole train of wheels will run round rapidly
In verge watches
it
is
j
the noise
very essential that the mainspring
should be adjusted to the fusee, for the vertical escapement
is
so sensitive to variations of the motive force that the time
indicated would vary with the force that reached the escape-
ment.
In other escapements
in general use there
is
a kind or
;
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
34
compensation in the action of the escapement which does not exist in the verge.
The balance and
verge are
cock, allowing
to fall
it
now
by
its
own
weight, then put the
the balance-spring through the stud, and get
marked when taking
point which was
with the pin used before the spring
when
pinning.
in
its
hole,
in
first,
Be
;
flat,
when
pin
this
it
is
inserted see that
it is
in
is
its
and by giving the movement a
and
fairly into the
slight oscillatory
groove of the fusee, or the chain
the fusee,
on the barrel so
it
will, as
as to
now be
does not, there
is
motion,
screwed on.
to get the chain properly
on
be
all
Once having
it,
the chain-
the
chain
the spring runs down, uncoil
re- wound
in going order,
is
may run up
be taken out and
winding process done over again.
watch should
as
must be guided as you go along to lead
this
barrel will then have to
wound on
As soon
into the hole.
bearings at both ends, the balance will swing
The watch must now be wound,
if it
is
and then put on the cock, placing the steady-pins
to the fusee,
itself
not distorted
sure that the bottom pivot of the verge
the balance will continue to swing whilst the cock
and the
end of
to project to the
apart, then pin firmly
and take care
and then adjusting the pivot
the verge freely,
quite
is
Here you deal
to go in.
Put the verge in through the potence-
with very delicate parts.
again correctly.
and commence
The
ticking
something wrong, which must be found
out and corrected before proceeding further.
Then put on
the motion work, next the dial, which pin with
the three pins, taking care to see that these do not project too far
and become
foul of
any going
part.
Put on the hands with
when the hour-hand points to movement in the case, which should
the minute-hand at the XII., either hour, finally
put the
have been previously cleaned, and the cleaning of the watch completed, and to
go
fairly
it is
is
ready for the wearer after being regulated
near to time.
CHAPTER
IV.
REPAIRS AND ADJUSTMENT. AVING
in the three preceding chapters fully detailed
the processes of taking to pieces, cleaning, and putting
together again, those faults most
watch
will
now be
dealt with.
It
commonly found
beginner on examining a watch will be able
then distinguish
To
becomes
it
familiar with
from that which
is
what
determine
to
whether certain parts are as they should be, for practice that one
in a verge
cannot be expected that a
it is
only after
is right,
and can
wrong.
direct a beginner to see that the depths are correct
seems to be absurd without giving particulars to enable him to to
know know do
to recognise a correctly-pitched depth,
a treatise on depthing
this will necessitate
makers term what engineers intimate
call
gearing
and yet
—as watch-
—involving a far more
knowledge of mechanics than can reasonably be
expected to be possessed by a beginner. Again, to see that the endshake of a pinion
is
sufficient
for
freedom, and not enough to cause any danger of some part of the pinion, or the wheel on
not the work of
part, is
watch-jobber; but
how
becoming
foul of
any adjacent
to an experienced
long a beginner would be in examining
and whether he would, when conclusion, is a matter which it is
whether the endshake was finished, arrive at a just difficult to decide.
it,
many seconds
The
right,
faults in
which we are interested are
only those which affect the going of a watch in a sensible
manner
;
errors in the original design
we need not
trouble about
—
—
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
36
In that part forming the escapement by far the largest number of causes for stopping and variation are found, and the verge itself
claims our
part of a whole,
attention.
first
and
its
ponent parts must be studied, verge
may be
A
less.
We must
treat
it
as forming
proper proportion to the various comfor,
though perfect in
itself,
the
unsuited to the escape-wheel, and perhaps use-
slight alteration will
sometimes so much
affect the
and escape-wheel that they are quite
relationship of a verge
unsuited to each other, though once perfectly in accordance.
The all
following elements, forming the verge escapement, are
mutually dependent one on another, and must be considered
as a
whole as well as independent parts
The Opening
of the Pallets.
—That
:
is,
the angle at which the
face of one pallet stands relatively to the face of the other.
Watchmakers usually say
more than a
that this opening should
hundred degrees as the correct opening
The
Lift.
—That
is
is
for practical purposes.
acting on the verge pallet.
should be about forty degrees, and on
The Supplementary Arc of the balance after the
municated during the
will
it
of Vibration.
lift,
balance, the freedom of
we
trifle
the angular motion of the balance during
the time the escape-wheel
plementary arc
be a
and the best authorities give one
right angle,
—That
is,
the vibration
and dependent on the weight of
its oscillation,
By adding
lift.
This
depend
and the power com-
the hft arc to the sup-
get the entire vibration or angular motion
of the balance, and
this
should be about half a complete revo-
lution.
The
recoil is that part of the angular
motion of the balance
which takes place while a tooth of the escape-wheel
one of the verge
pallets,
and the balance
direction to cause the wheel to go
is
is
against
moving
in the
backwards in
spite of the
motive power.
The
pallet,
which receives the impulse, requires to be of
VERGE ESCAPEMENT. a proper proportionate length, and this
37
is
a
little
more than
half the space between the points of the adjacent teeth of
the
escape-wheel, measuring from the centre of the verge
On
axis to the edge of the pallet.
the length of the pallet
depends not only the leverage of the escape-tooth, but short pallets the impulse of
lift
will
also
With
the relative distance of the verge from the escape-wheel.
be given near the centre
of motion of the balance, and will have less tendency to cause
through the short leverage
this to rotate, is
controlling or regulating
when
whilst
;
given on a lever too long, the power
is
the
lift
too effective, and
by means of the balance
is
made
difficult.
The
teeth of the escape-wheel must have their faces inclined
to the axis, so that during the recoil that part of the verge pallet
which
be
shall
is
beyond the point of contact with the tooth
And
free.
here
may be
it
that the principal cause of wear
as well to
on the verge
Having mastered the above
recoil motion.
verge escapement, the beginner
examination of
it
p'lj it
pallet
>
is
out the
principles of the
may proceed
to a
careful
with some prospect of discovering any very
palpable errors.
In the contrate-wheel depth generally occur many causes of stoppage
considered
;
it
and when the complicated form of depthing is
no wonder that through
oftentimes stoppage occur. is
The
a variety of skew-gearing, at
and
is
rendered
the parts. conical,
all
the
more
Thus we use a
and a wheel with
all
it
loss of
contrate depth of a watch
times difficult to manage,
so on account of the small size of
straight pinion straight teeth
where
it
across the contrate wheel, but on the skew
contrate pinion. as
we have
should be
which should be cut
angle ways, because the escape-pinion does not cally
is
power and
lie
diametri-
to avoid the
Again, the verge escapement has necessarily,
previously shown, a considerable
amount of recoil,
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
38
and
on the contrate wheel
this in effect acts
to
an appreciable
extent.
unnecessary for our present purpose to explain the
It is
of the teeth of wheels used in various descrip-
peculiarities
tions of gearing
;
say
to
suffice
that
two wheels gearing
together have teeth formed differently as they are drivers or driven,
and the
difference
relative size of the
becomes the more marked as the
two wheels becomes greater; and
also, that
a wheel and pinion have the teeth shaped very differently according as the one or other to act in
driver
is
one way the reverse motion
an immense expense of power,
and that when arranged
;
is
at aU.
if
only accomplished at
We
have seen that
the contrate wheel drives the pinion under the disadvantages inherent to skew-gearing
and, further, that the recoil of the
;
escapement transforms the pinion into the driver
;
and from
these circumstances the depth of the contrate wheel
way which a mechanician views
trived in a
ble
;
and a most
con-
careful adjustment of this portion of the
watch
made so as to reconcile as many of the errors as The lower pivot of the contrate pinion should have
should be possible.
an end-stone pivot,
is
as almost incredi-
from the shoulders of the
to take the bearing
but very seldom
is this
found.
Variation of the motive force materially affects the going of
a verge watch, and
it
is
therefore necessary to see that the
power of the mainspring equal force tUl
it
is
acts through the fusee so that
available from the time the spring
has run down.
This
is
tested
is fully
an
wound
by means of an adjusting-
rod, consisting of a steel rod a foot or so in length, with an
arrangement at one end by which
it
square, at right angles to the axis,
as weights, slide along the rod.
the
fiisee,
and the
\vith the spring
can be fixed to the fusee
and pieces of
The
sliding weights adjusted to
when
this is fully
brass, acting
adjusting-rod
is
fixed to
an equilibrium
unwound ; and by winding up
VARIATIONS OF MOTIVE POWER.
39
the watch with the adjusting-rod, the power of the spring
is
felt at
each turn of the fusee, and the effective force of the
spring
is
is
it
stronger at the
nearly down, the spring
is
not set-up
fully-
suffici-
but each fusee requires peculiarities of the spring which
ently, it
Suppose
thus gauged.
wound than when would be
in vain to try to point out here.
which only some of the central
meant those which
coils is
tightly
—
wound
is
the best
A long spring,
coils are utilised
between
act half-way
in
—by central
fully
down and
but in a barrel of limited size the
;
thickness of spring required to produce sufficient motive power often precludes the possibility of using one of any considerable
A large portion
length.
of the power of the spring
wasted in the uncoiling, by barrel,
and of the
coils
the barrel and spring
showing where
one against another. will
it
and every
friction occurs,
and sometimes
the spring, is
When
wasted through the source of
often
By examining
be easy to perceive bright
to eliminate, or at any rate to reduce
power
is
friction against the inside of the
it.
this gets so
places,
made
effort
should be
Oil
put to lubricate
is
gummy
that a lot of
it.
power
fairly
is
must be conveyed through the
constant in
action
its
it
of wheels to the escape-
train
ment, without being subjected to the variations caused by bad depths, wide holes, and so forth
;
value
if
the train
is faulty,
taken in
for all the trouble
regulating the power of the spring will be of
practical
little
though, of course, I do not
mean
to
suggest that a badly-regulated power will act well through a faulty train.
separately,
Every pivot-hole and pivot should be examined
and on
their
own
merits
;
and when the
latter are
found to be cut or worn they should be re-polished, and any holes that are found to be wide must be re-bushed, and the pivot fitted properly.
In
all
cases of re-bushing pivot-holes
the French houchons, sold by material dealers, will be found the best things to use.
When
a hole
is
out of upright, or badly
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
40
and requires
pitched,
re-drilling,
and the
must be
the inherent bad qualities, to the contrate depth, I
be paid
special attention to
The verge
have already spoken. shoulders of
then use a piece of hard brass
Of
wire to plug the old hole with.
pivot free of the bearings,
its
sufficiently far
must run with the
itself
and the lower
coming in contact
possibility of the oil applied to the pivot-hole
with
For a similar reason the top pivot must be long
it.
enough, or the
spread on the balance or balance-spring
oil will
and be apt
collet,
pallet
from the potence to guard against the
to form a sticky film
between
and the
it
balance-cock.
The when
balance should run true, and be in perfect equipoise the spring
potence, and
all
removed, and be
is
adjacent parts.
The
free of the cock, the
verge pivots should be
about three diameters long, and the ends should be
much
pointed, so as to equalise the friction as
when
the watch
is
and
this
The
on the
verge,
must be in the exact centre of the
may be from
that longer springs
give such
by
good
—that
results,
six to eight, as is,
those with
The num-
spring.
found in practice
it is
more
a circumstance which
coils
may be
— do
not
explained
the short arc of vibration of the verge escapement.
Setting of the balance
motive power, and
the result of insufficiency of the
is
may be caused by
the effect of the spring, or through a
anything which hampers
weak
spring, or through
the pallet being at a wrong angle, so that the force it
not
in a horizontal or vertical position.
spring must be pinned quite tight to the collet
ber of turns
flat,
as possible
at a place
The
and
in a direction
friction or
which tends to make pallet will,
when
it
applied to
power may sometimes be caused
insufficiency of motive
by the excessive
is
where the leverage is insufficient.
weight of the balance, or anything
this difficult to
becomes
move.
Oil applied to the
thick, very seriously
impede the
progress of the escape-tooth over the pallet face during the
BROKEN MAINSPRINGS. and
lift,
41
should not be used on the verge at
oil
and hence
all,
a stronger reason for seeing that the lower pallet does not gather
A
oil
from the bearing of the bottom pivot.
verge which
is itself
bent, or has bent pivots, or in which
body
these have been turned not exactly concentric with the
of the verge, wiU be always a source of trouble, and if the defect
cannot be remedied a new verge should be put.
wheel axis
is
axis, the action
other, the
of one pallet will be deeper than that of the
greater,
lift
If the escape-
not properly at right angles with the balance
and the arc made on each
point of rest will be unequal.
side of the
The above enumerate most
of
the defects which are the result of former injudicious altera-
and those caused by simple wear
tions, or so-called repairs,
and
tear.
The breakages noticed,
and
of most frequent occurrence
Broken mainsprings are perhaps the most most
now be
will
directions given for mending.
common
of breakages.
What
and the
serious
causes springs to break
has as yet not been satisfactorily explained, but probably peculiar variations in the temperature are the chief cause, as it
is
same
usual to find that a large time.
This mishap
is
chain, this latter being caused
on the spring pressure
number
accompanied by a broken
often
by the
failing.
repaired, or at least used again^
A if
of springs break at the
barrel running
backwards
broken spring may be
the breakage has occurred
near to the outer end, and the length of the spring not shortened by the piece broken. soften the extreme
hook on ming its
spring,
and punch a hole
broken edge smoothly, the spring
and usually
one has to be put,
it
will
much
then only necessary to
to the pin projecting inside the barrels.
off the
place,
end of the
It is
is
in
it
to
After trim-
put back in
be as good as a new one.
If a
new
should be selected as nearly as possible
of the same strength as the old one, and, of course, of the
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
42
same width.
Put the new spring in the
how much
length, or
proportion
is this
:
of the space
it
and notice
its
The proper
the space of the arbor in the centre to the
side of the barrel should
be equally divided, and one half
On
occupied by the spring.
the supposition that the old
spring was correct for strength,
should always be replaced
it
with one as nearly as possible like
more than
barrel,
occupies.
half the space, take
the proper length
is
end not quite red
hot,
attained
it
out and break off a piece
now
;
If the spring occupies
it.
till
heat half an inch of the
punch a round hole about
three-eighths
of an inch from the end, then taper off the point of the spring, leaving
it full
width where the hole
Some watches have
is.
the mainspring hook riveted to the barrel, and some to the If the former,
spring.
you
will
have no trouble but to make
the hole in your spring large enough to hook on ;
hook
to rivet the
to the spring
if
you have
you may be able to make use
of the old one.
Suppose that we have a broken spring to replace, which evidently barrel
The
it
is
not of the proper width and strength for the
occupied, and consequently not adapted to the watch.
first
consideration
is its
width, which should be as great
bottom of the
as the barrel will fairly admit, reaching from the barrel to the groove barely, excepting is
hollowed out, when
not wide enough then
it will
ness,
and
its
it
may
working
bind in the barrel.
it
is
reach will
it
the watch to perform satisfactorily.
fully.
the barrel cover If the spring
be irregular;
The
most important that
when
next point this If
if
and the chain more
liable to
the thick-
is
should be correct for
the spring
the action of the escapement will be hurried, and steady,
break
;
is
too thick
its
rate un-
while, if too thin,
the escapement will be sluggish, and the watch apt to stop together.
when
The
strength of the spring should
of the proper length,
is
too wide
hooked in the
be such
barrel
al-
that,
and wound
GAUGING A MAINSPRING. up,
may
it
turn
make about
cause the barrel to
more than
three-quarters of a
required by the length of a chain that
is
when
occupies the fusee
43
fully
should be such that when
about one-third of
and found the corresponding
length of a spring
in the barrel
should occupy
it
Having gauged the width
diameter.
its
The
wound.
wound
springs,
one
the proper
of
strength will be found as a rule to be one that
is
a
little
in diameter than the barrel, or one that would almost barrel
if it
were wound
in,
short piece that the barrel to the springs as ring,
and
Having
is
it is
may not be
the
necessary to break off a too
This applies
full.
bought from the makers, coiled within a wire
merely given as an approximate guide to selection. a spring apparently suitable,
selected
shortened as
must be
so that
larger
fill
much
as
finally tested
is
by holding the
must be
it
necessary and hooked
in,
when
it
barrel tight in the left
hand and winding up the spring by means of a
pair of sliding
tongs attached to the squared end of the barrel arbor, and observing
how many
makes an if
times
too many, then
it
causes the barrel to turn.
number
insufficient
it is
of turns the spring
Although
too thin.
this
If
it
too thick
is
may be
;
stated
as a general rule,
it is
not without exceptions, as, for example,
in verge watches
it
is
occasionally expedient to use a some-
what weaker spring than turns,
will
only
make
the proper
of
owing to an imperfect and unequal balance-wheel not
admitting of a close and correct escapement.
methods of hooking barrel,
number
in mainsprings
:
and the spring only requires a hole in
in the other the
hook
is
There are two
in one the it
hook
is
in the
near the end
;
attached to the spring, a hole being
formed in the barrel to receive only requires a hole in the end,
it.
it
In replacing a spring which
must be
carefully
tempered
by means of a small flame so applied that the spring may be gradually and equally tempered from the end where the hole is to be, which should be rather soft, to about half an inch of
its
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
44
The
length.
hole should be square, as being the least liable
and prevent
to constrain the spring, barrel.
It is usual, after
its
making the
proper action in the
hole,
which
with a pair of mainspring-nippers, to pass a
file
is
punched
lightly across
the end of the spring and round off the comers, giving
neat and workmanlike appearance.
When
attached to the spring, the latter
tempered
is
the
hook
is
then
fitted to the
and placed in the jaws of a pair of
manner spring,
that a pivot
may be
on
filed
a
be
manner
in the
already described, and a small round hole punched in
piece of hooking-in wire
it
to
is
A
it.
hole in the barrel
sliding-tongs in such a to
it
fit
the hole in the
and cause the piece of hooking-in wire to form a hook
standing at the proper angle to suit the hole in the barrel.
The hooking-in
wire
then put in the vice, and the main-
is
spring firmly secured to
wire
is
cut
off,
it
by
riveting,
when
the length of the
The
leaving only sufficient to form the hook.
end of the spring
is
usually finished like the other, but left
pointed instead of round.
The breakage of a
spring
damage, as bent teeth or broken, and
it
is
is
always liable to cause other
pivots, or
sometimes one of these gets
necessary to ascertain whether such
damage
has been done before setting the watch going again.
To
repair the chain.^
—^A
very frequent occurrence
breaking of the chain, and to repair
it
only a small amount of application
required.
is
neatly
is
the
and strongly
One end
of
the broken chain must consist of a double, and the other end of a single
link.
Rest the broken chain upon a piece of hard
wood, and with the edge of a sharp penknife
slightly raise
one
end of the outside (double) link nearest the end of the chain, keeping the thumb-nail of the ner that only one rivet
is
left
hand upon
loosened in the
link.
it
in such a
man-
Turn the chain
over and loosen the corresponding end of the opposite link in the same manner.
Take the chain
in
one hand and the short
REPAIRING CHAINS.
45
broken link with a pair of pliers in the other, and give a sharp pull,
when
the piece will easily
come
ends
out, leaving the free
of the link ready to receive the inside link of the other part
Take a piece of
of the chain.
such as a sewing-
steel wire,
needle, tempered to a blue colour, and taper
smooth
until
file
it
Place the chain in position upon a piece of soft
up with
Press
the pin.
down
with a
passes through the holes in the links.
it
it
cut off as closely as possible and
ends with a very smooth
wood and
join
in quite tight, then with the nippers file
off the
rough projecting
until nearly level with the chain.
file
A few taps with a small round-faced
hammer
complete the
will
job.
In placing the chain together
for riveting, take care that
both hooks are towards the same scribe, the it
mending of a chain
often happens that
is
side.
Though easy
by no means easy
an experienced hand
will
to de-
to do,
and
break off two
or three links before succeeding in getting a satisfactory joint.
To remedy a
chain running
on the
barrel, or slip
run
flat
must be
carefully examined,
chain nmning
flat
on the
or off the fusee.
flat
— If a
chain
up the fusee when winding,
and the cause found
barrel
is
generally caused
by a
it
The
out.
faulty
chain, though sometimes through the barrel being out of upright,
and
fusee.
also if the chain
The
the groove in the fusee, barrel
is
too wide for the spiral in the
chain should be examined to see that
and the
axis
and
that
it
fills it
entirely
It is
then, unless a very
may
result
;
bad one,
it
will
it
goes into
then
of the fusee are both upright
necessary to stiffen the chain by hammering
and
it
if
it is
along the
the
only
rivets,
not turn over
flat.
from the chain being too wide, then the remedy
a new chain.
It
may be found
that the spiral projection
on
the fusee, which separates each turn of the chain from the next, has
become bent
or
broken in places, so that the
guidance of the chain cannot be reliedon.
If the
safe
damage be
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
46
serious, the fusee rectified
by
sible to its
should be recut
end
for end, or
the chain along
To
When
proper position.
any apparent cause it
but
;
if trifling,
may be
it
carefully restoring the injured part as nearly as pos-
it
may
the chain runs off without
frequently be remedied by changing
by taking a very
little off
from the edge of
entire length.
its
tighten a barrel cover.
—When
a barrel cover
is
loose,
it
should be covered with a piece of thin paper and gently tapped with a round-faced
hammer all round the
this operation will
spread the cover a
To
edge. If carefully done
little,
without marking
it.
—
new barrel arbor. There are three kinds of arbors commonly in use —-the plain English arbor, the plain Geneva arbor, and the Geneva arbor with solid ratchet. The fitting
put in a
of an arbor of either kind requires to be done very
carefully,
it
being absolutely necessary that the pivots should
be accurately
arbors can be
and the endshakes very
fitted,
and give
barel to run true
made from will
it
be desirable to turn the
is
better
A
done on the
screw ferrule
foot-lathe
quite ready for the
is
is
body or centre part
;
or
in the rough from the tool shops.
what nearly to shape on a rough the arbor
for the
a piece of ordinary round steel
an arbor may be obtained In the former case
exact,
Either of the plain
satisfaction.
;
some-
steel
but when bought in the
more exact turning which
turns.
attached to one end of the arbor, and the is
first
turned to the proper width and
diameter, the measurement being taken from the old arbor
means of the pinion-gauge. and polished
until
it fits
The arbor
is
by down tight, when
then turned
the holes in the barrel just
a round broach passed lightly into the holes will give the
an English arbor, the next step
necessary freedom.
If
to turn the top pivot
and
wards
file
fit it
into the name-plate,
the square on the other
the ratchet.
If a
Geneva
end of the arbor
arbor, the square
will
and
be
after-
to receive
must be made
for
BARRELS AND BARREL ARBORS.
47
the finger-piece of the stopwork and the lower pivot finished before the top or winding square, which
also
receives the
ratchet.
In
filing
them
these squares, great care must be taken to
The
really square.
turn a line where the square turns between the
is
to end,
and
The ends
centres.
file
them up
steel,
is
which
made by
is
A hole
driving in very tight a piece
In case of a Geneva arbor with solid ratchet,
it is
necessary
and advisable to have that
kind which are half finished, for the body
is
then screwed on
It is not easy to tap a
ratchet polished.
good thread
suitable for this purpose with the ordinary screw-plates
;
and
an arbor must be used, not already screwed by the proper
if
plates,
it
will
be found much better to accurately
with a plain round hole, and secure
kind
fit
on the body
with a steel pin.
This
where the barrel arbor has the
generally found
is
it
bottom pivot unsupported, and anyone unaccustomed to turning
To
is
not likely to
new
put in a
necessary, as
it
ful
make
barrel.
a good job of
—^When
hook
is,
material dealers,
make
and
a new barrel becomes
is
to
it is
much
be
fitted to the arbor,
better
by
unskil-
send the old barrel to the
and obtain a new one of the same
barrel will require to
finishing,
fine
a new one.
or from having been spoilt
treatment, the best plan
new
fitting
sometimes does, either from the barrel cracking
across where the
to
is
afterwards filed to shape.
to obtain the arbor in the rough,
and the
to
body of the arbor to receive the
drilled obliquely into the
of tempered
is
in the
squares and
of the
pivots are usually finished in the screw-head tool.
mainspring hook, which
make
best plan to ensure success
size.
and a
The little
and cheaper than attempting
one.
Bent teeth are straightened by means of the screwdriver used as a lever against the root of the adjacent teeth, and bent pivots
may be
held in the jaws of the pliers and the pinion
— THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
48
bent with the fingers in the direction and to the extent
For such a purpose
quired.
brass are used, so that the pivot
re-
having the jaws lined with
pliers,
not braised, and the bend-
is
ing has to be done with great care.
Broken pivots may be replaced by pinion, which
may
steel in,
which
is
then made into a pivot.
centre the broken pinion correctly, the
ceeds thus
first
:
the end
stone, the pinion ferrule
on
it,
is
is
made
then mounted in the turns with a screw resting in a groove cut
the point of the graver
;
watchmaker pro-
tolerably flat with Arkansas
and the broken end
T rest
across the
up the old
possibly require softening for the purpose,
and putting a plug of
To
drilling
brought against
is
the end, and the work turned with a drill-bow,
circum-
its
ference always bearing in the groove, whilst the graver rests
on the T, and with
A broken is
its
point centres the pinion-end.
verge must be replaced by a
a job requiring great
having suitable centres are wanted
— that
A
gut.
tial
is
one,
A
this
to say, very fine female ones
on the verge,
drill-bow with a horsehair in place of
tool, called
to polish
and
a " Jacot,"
when
the wheel
the bottom pallet reaches
is
is
almost essen-
It should
bottom
kept up close against the brass,
beyond the wheel
just sufficiently to
secure a light screw ferrule is
in,
without
pallet rubbing the potence, or the seat of
the balance being too high.
top pallet
first
be of such a
allow of perfect freedom of the brass when pivoted fear of the
The
finish off the pivots.
to select a suitable verge.
length that,
Having found a
upon
within the ferrule,
it
suitable verge,
near the brass, so that the
mount
it
on the
that the verge itself runs perfectly true. either
and
pair of turns
small graver will also be required to do the actual
and a proper
on which
thing
is
new
practice.
also a small screw ferrule to fix
;
and a small whalebone turning,
and
skill
be straightened or replaced by another.
turns,
and see
must With a pinion-
If bent,
it
REPLACING A VERGE. gauge take the to
fit
on
verge
tight,
size of the brass for the balance-spring collet
and proceed
to turn
the gauge passes.
till
49
down
and turn oS as much
size of the hole in the balance,
for the seat of the balance, taking care to
on very
and not too low.
brass that
on
in
its
firm rivet
proper place.
fit
just suffi-
when the balance is finally put Turn the bottom pivot perfectly up
true with the shoulder close
to the
bottom
pallet, slightly
reduce the size of the turned pivot with a smooth pivot
and is
fit it
advisable
verge in as
in
it
its
its
hole, then burnish
now
easily let
turning the top pivot. pivot true, then
shorten
till
correct,
file
if
little
its seat, is
file,
pivot.
It
and stand the
the correct height,
further if necessary before
If the height is correct, turn the top
and burnish is
till it
correct,
goes in
its
hole
;
finally,
and round up the end
Rivet on the balance so that the bankings are
and reduce the
polish the faces
on
the balance
on a
the endshake
quite smooth.
and round up the
to put the balance
place, to see
may be
it
With the graver remove the
comes through the balance, leaving only
make a
cient to
may
as
be necessary tight
new
the brass of the
Re-set the pinion-gauge to the
pallets
and you have
putting on the balance-spring.
to the necessary
width and
finished, with the exception
of
GLOS S ARY Of Terms,
Parts and Processes
Tools, Materials,
tised
in Watchmork.
Adjusting Rod.
— This
employed
is
to test the force ot
the main-spring as conveyed to the fusee, in watches that are
The
furnished with this latter adjunct. ing-rod
is
a
steel
usual form of adjust-
rod about a foot long and about one-tenth of
Near one of
an inch diameter.
ends
its
it
has a pair of jaws
capable of clipping the fusee arbor, or wind up square, at right
A
angles to the length of the rod.
along the rod, and
may be
screws having milled heads.
couple of weights slide
any desired place by
fixed at
In use the adjusting-rod
is
set-
fixed
movement is held up edgeways, and the is gauged by sliding The chain is the weights along the rod till it is balanced. wound on the fusee gradually by turning the movement round, and the power of the spring tested continually by the weighted By this means it is easy to see if the varied power of rod. the spring exercises a constant unvarying force on the arbor of to the fusee arbor, the
power of the spring on the fusee arbor
the great wheel.
That
to say, whether the snail of the fusee
is
accurately compensates the constantly varying power of the spring,
and thus ensures a uniform impelling force to the
escapement.
Alarm Watch. additional
—A
watch which
mechanism necessary so arranged that
for
may be
instrument
is
alarm
a specific interval of time.
after
pieces are very
commonly
it
is
provided with the
sounding an alarm. set to
The
sound the
Alarm clocks and time-
used, but watches adapted for the
ARBORS. same purpose are seldom
SI
seen, except in the
possession
of
collectors of curiosities.
Anchor Escapement— Lever
escapements are often so
term being particularly applicable to those in which
called, the
the pallet arms take a form representing that of a ship's anchor.
Foreign watches with the ordinary lever usually
appears to
the merit of the invention
pallet
Used
is
claimed for Hooke.
was on both
forms the recoil
one
escapement
are
The first escapement of this kind have been made about 1680, by Clement, though anchors.
called
pallets
;
they are
In the early
now made
with
dead beat, and termed half dead beat or half recoil.
in clockwork.
Anvil.
Fig.
—In
1.
Anvil to Hold
in
Fig. a.
Bench-vice.
purposes in anvil work. bench-vice
is
aU ordinary
watchwork plain blocks serve
The
sufficient for
occasions occur
when
Anvil Mounted on Block.
small stake
on the claw of the
most purposes.
Some
the beck-iron of an anvil
is
peculiar
useful,
and
diminutive counterparts of the ordinary blacksmith's anvil are
made for use in watchwork. Arbors. These are tapering mandrels of steel, to which are fitted ferrules, so that they may be rotated with a drill bow.
—
Arbors are used on the turns
for the
purpose of turning
collets,
and wheels, and any other objects that are most conArbors are comprised in veniently mounted on a mandrel. rings
sets,
the range being generally in accordance with the number.
— THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
52
A
set usually consists
of from twenty to forty tapering steel
spindles, each fitted with a ferrule,
and graduating
in size
from
about five-thirty-seconds of an inch in diameter and two inches
The
long to most minute dimensions.
PLAIN Arbor.
Fig. 3.
in watchwork
is
Fig. 4. Split
Arbor.
about one-eighth of an inch in diameter and
an inch and three-quarters both ends, and
employed
largest size
Each arbor
long.
slightly tapering.
Those axes
are not pinions are called arbors
Archimedian
Drill
Stock.
e.g.,
pointed at
is
in a
watch which
the fusee arbor.
—These
stocks
drill
are
actuated by a nut, which, by being worked along a very quick-
threaded screw, causes
made
it
The
to revolve.
stock usually
is
of twisted pinion wire, or square steel twisted into a
=eSSS^2ZZz;z: Fig.
5.
Archimedian Drill-stock.
The nut
screw-like form.
up and down the
stock.
is
held in the
One end
left
hand and worked
of the stock
is
provided
with a disc, free to revolve, and forming a means of applying pressure to the
Balance.
drill
—The
which
is
fitted in the other end.
wheel that controls the rate of the watch,
moving with a vibrating motion caused by the action of the escapement and that of the balance-spring, the first driving the wheel firom
The
its
point of rest and the latter causing the recoil.
length of the vibration
diminished, to
make
of a balance
out or taking up the balance-spring.
made
is
increased or
the watch go slower or faster, by letting
Ordinary balances are
of a low quality of gold or of brass, but compensation
BALANCE SPRING.
53
balances (which see), or imitations of them, are frequent occurrence.
Steel is
making balances, as
in
it is
now
of
more
an unsatisfactory metal to employ
liable to
A
become magnetised.
balance should be perfectly true and in one plane, the weight
be
to
much
as
if
in other respects suitable,
contains the greatest weight in the least volume.
now
and the
offers least resistance to the air,
material should be that which,
are
the form
as possible at the circumference;
should be one which
Balances
invariably annular, but originally they were in the
form of a rod, with balance weights at each end, and from
name was probably derived. Balance Poising-Tool. This is a contrivance for support-
this the
—
ing the balance staff by
Fig.
6.
this tool is
usually
made.
made
its
Fig. 7.
Its essentials are
axis will, if
it
is
rest.
— In
Any balance thus
balance what gravity
one particular part downwards.
effects
is
used to
set in vibration
each vibration, takes
it
effect
its
is
on the
on the pendulum of a clock
always tending to pull the balance to
when once
—having
supported
pocket watches, where a balance
the controlling regulator, a spring
spring
parallel knife edges,
not perfectly in equipoise, at once
to rest with
Balance-Spring.
but
two
adjustable as to their distance apart
show a disposition
is
Balance Poising-tool.
There are many forms in which
noticed.
notches in which the pivots
by
pivots so that the poise of the
Balance Poising-tool.
may be
balance
its
;
this
point of rest,
the inertia of the balance, at
over the point of
rest,
and the power
— THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
54
of the mainspring being
There are spring,
through the impulse of the escape-
felt
ment causes the balance
to perform a longer arc of vibration.
several terms in general use
as
Watches were
first
synonymous to balance spiral-spring,
&c.
without any balance-spring,
the
pendulum-spring,
hair-spring,
made
invention being accredited to Hooke, in the middle of the
seventeenth century, and after
its
application to watches the
much improved
accuracy of their timekeeping was so
that a
minute-hand was added to the hour-hand, which up to then
had been the most minute
division attempted in pocket time-
keepers. A.
balance-spring
effected
from the fit
may
collet
the centre
and place
A
coil.
to pass freely
it
thinner.
upon a piece of peg-wood cut
between the oil,
the strength of the spring
coils,
and charged with a
will serve as
may soon be
be confined to the centre
reduced.
be
it
Operations
no other part of the
coil, for
ground, but this will generally
little
a grinder, and with
wood to suffice. The
spring wiU rest sufficiently against the
rather rapid, therefore
to
piece of soft iron wire, flattened so as
pulverized oil-stone and
will
made weaker ; this is Remove the spring
require to be
by grinding the spring
careful, or the spring
enable
it
to
effect will
be be
may be made
too weak before expected.
Balance-Staff.
—The
axis of the balance, usually exclusively
applied to the lever escapement. staff
a
new one may be made
In the
first
model, unless
knocked
In the event of a broken
as follows
:
place the old balance-staff should serve as a it
has any radical defects.
off the brass collar
on the old
selected of approximate dimensions.
staff
These
The balance and a rough staffs
is
staff
are sold in
the rough by all watch material dealers, but one may be made by driving a steel arbor into a collet of hard brass. The steel should be hardened and tempered just sufficient to allow it to
BEAT. be turned with the staff
a
and
screw ferrule
The
balance-spring itself is
brass
collet,
then turned
and the length
down
to
reduced to
both above and below
then turned to
is
fixed to the is
paying due attention to the
size,
relative length of the staff that projects
the brass.
is
in the turns, the length
over the finishing
trifle
A
graver.
mounted
is
it
55
fit
is
the balance and the
fit
made
The
right.
the hole in the
staff
The
roller.
pivots are then made, gauging the position at the shoulders
means of the pinion gauge, using the old
The diameter of the
is
measure by.
got by trying in the jewel holes.
The body
staff is polished, as are
made
specially
the pivots, with redstuff on a
workmen
bell-metal burnisher, English
tumbench with
by
staff to
generally using the
centres, but the Jacot tool
is
more convenient. When the staff is finished the balance is riveted on true, and should be at the precise height, so that it will not be necessary to use a punch to raise or lower it. far
Very
careful handling
partly-finished staff sufficient
heed
Banking
and constant gauging are the
making a
requisites for
is
failing the
balance-staff;
be broken, and by not paying some part will be made too small. These are pins put in various escapelikely to
to the latter
Pins.
—
ments to prevent them from overbanking, that
is,
from getting beyond the range of the escapement's
—Another name Barrel. —The hollow Bar.
on
it
for bridge,
driving the train,
it is
cost
When
said to
watches invariably have going
and
which
Beat.
barrels,
by dispensing with the
snap in
its
—The
tick or
escapement
;
action.
see.
the periphery has teeth
be a going barrel ; foreign which economise space
fusee,
end of the barrel, called the cover, or fitted to
the pallets
cyhndrical case which contains the
Also called box.
mainspring.
principal
former the
chain, &c.
lid, is
One
movable, being
place.
sound produced by the action of the
when isochronous, the watch
is
said to
be
in
;
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
56
Watches usually beat about sixteen or eighteen thousand
beat.
times each hour.
In
all
whether
watch escapements the arbor that carries the balance, it is
called a verge, a cylinder, or
a
staff,
has to be
placed in a certain arbitrary position relatively to the next piece which
moves
the escapement.
it,
in order to ensure the correct action of
When
it
occupies this position
be in beat; when otherwise, out of beat. necessarily determined
it is
said to
This position
is
by the connection of the balance-spring
with the plate, and one of the functions of the balance-spring is
its
to continually restore the balance,
The
neutral position.
for the balance-spring to
pin
is
called setting the
practical
method of
and with
it
the arbor, to
operation of finding the exact place
be secured in the stud by means of a
watch in beat.
setting the verge
An
explanation of the
watch in beat
will, to
a
great extent, apply generally.
Put the end of the balance-spring through the stud so as to bring the verge approximately to it
moderately
tight,
within the curb pins and quite the
its
and pin
correct position,
taking the precaution to have the spring
movement in the
left
flat,
Hold
then put on the cock.
hand, and, with the thumb of the right
hand, slowly and carefully press forward the contrate wheel, allowing each escape of a tooth to be quite distinct, and
observe
how much
the balance
is
to allow the escape to take place, it is
if
to the right in order to
be
found that the distances are equal the watch
is
If
left.
in beat
unequal, the cock must be removed, the pin withdrawn a
little,
to
drawn
and how much
and the balance-spring moved in the direction necessary
make
the distances equal.
must be pressed in
tight,
When
this is
correct the pin
the balance spring set quite
working equally between the curb pins, and
finally the
flat,
cock
screwed on firmly.
Bench Keys. — Double-ended
keys for winding watches.
;
BENCH Bench Vice.
VICE.
—As watchwork
is
57
only light work, a small
vice
is all that a watchmaker requires. The tool fixes to the bench by a clamp screw. The jaws are usually about two
inches wide.
In the left-hand
ends of the jaws there are always several indentations these
are
taking
for
the
bow drill The top of
pointed end of the
when
drilling.
the claw
is
generally provided
with a small surface for stake
and Bench
riveting
flattening drills,
&c.
vices frequently
have jaws opening
and
are
anvils
small Fig.
some
;
parallel,
with
fitted
Bench-vice.
8.
swivel round to
any angle, and in many
Blowpipe.
—The
details are elaborated.
ordinary blowpipe
a tapering tube
is
about eight inches long and one-third of an inch diameter at
The
the largest end.
The
small end
in hardening
and tempering, and
Boiling Pan. frying
perforated with a pin hole. it is
principally used
in soldering.
—A small copper pan, very
like the
domestic
pan but somewhat deeper, comparatively, used for boiling
parts of watches that have material. is
is
uses of the blowpipe are various, but
By
been treated with shellac or similar
boiling the part in methylated spirit the shellac
dissolved.
Bolt. usually
—The piece by which a movement
made
the rim of the case
the bolt forward,
;
it
radially with the plate
passes.
is
held in the case,
of steel, fixed to the pillar-plate, and catching in
a spring, called the bolt-spring, forcing
being held by a screw, and movable
by having a
slot
through which the screw
;
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
58
Bow that
it
Pliers.
may be
—Used
placed on the pendant.
Bows.
when
—Generally
of a watch so
be seen by the
Bow Pliers.
Fig. g.
illustration that these pHers
the jaws to open
bow
It will
opening the
for
have a joint contrived to allow
the handles are compressed.
They
called drill bows.
are elastic rods
having a cord by which a reciprocating rotary motion to drills
and work mounted
are the
most usual materials
They hook.
given
Whalebone and cane
for turning. for
is
bows used
watchwork.
for
taper from the butt to the point, which usually has a
The
largest are
about
four to six inches long
a single horse-hair
and about
fifteen inches long,
three-eighths diameter at the largest part.
and very
Small bows are from
These are strung with
slight.
the large bows have cat -gut for cords.
;
Bows were used for driving lathes long before the application of fly wheels. The bow of a watch is the ring affixed to the pendant to form a means of attaching the watch to a guard the long steel screw by which the
bow
is
secured
is
called the
bow-screw.
Bow Saw. —The
usual saw employed in watchwork
Fig. 10.
adjustable
bow saw
Bow
is
an
Saw.
or frame saw, which takes the
saw blades
BREGUET SPRING. used
for piercing
greater width,
back saws are
Saw
metal and for fretwork.
mounted
bow
a rigid
in
59
and miniature
The saw blade should
also used.
Figs. II, 12.
Bow
much
blades, of
frame,
always be
Saws.
mounted in its frame to cut when pulled, not when being pushed away, that
is
to say, the teeth should slant towards the handle.
Brass Edge. is
pinned by
its
—A
circular plate of brass
three feet
on which the
to the piUar plate, the joint
by which the movement
is
the case being fixed indifferently to the plate or brass rivets or a screw.
The
dial
the brass edge being itself pinned
;
brass edge
lifts
to allow space for the motion wheels,
not used in movements having solid
held in
edge by
the dial from the plate
and
is
unnecessary, and
pillar plates
;
that
is,
those
having a raised rim, for the dial to rest on, solid with the plate.
Breguet Spring.
— A balance-spring having the outer
bent up out of the plane of the
spiral,
of the balance staff near which
spring is
is
fixed, so that,
it is
vibrations of the balance, the coiling
its
inventor,
and
during the
and uncoiling of a Breguet
more concentric than an ordinary
named from
coil
and towards the centre
is
one.
The
spring
often found in high-class
watches.
Bridge.
—A piece
resting
on the
plate at both ends,
and
secured by two screws, the central part being cutaway to allow of one or
more bearings
for pivots.
movements of the skeleton
class,
and
Bridges are only found in are the barrel bridge
and
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
6o
centre wheel bridge, bar being a resting
on,
and secured
at
When
synonymous term.
one place only,
it
is
called
a
cock.
—
Bright Grey. A process of finishing brass, affected by means of rotten-stone mixed with oil and applied with a box-
wood
The
slip.
surface of the
work is
first
prepared by greying
with water-of-ayr stone.
—
Broach. A tool used for enlarging holes. It is usually made of a five-sided conical prism of steel, the angles of which form the cutting edges.
Very small ones, called pivot broaches,
are used for reaming out the holes for pivots.
Plain cylindrical
broaches are used to polish the holes
These are called
finally.
burnishing broaches, and by compressing the metal they harden that
around the hole.
Brushes.
—^Watchmakers' brushes arein constant requisition
but are seldom kept in proper order.
work
is
hard one for
useless, a
brush of any kind
is
fine
A
work
is
Some
a nuisance.
brush for rough
soft
ruinous,
and a dirty
brushes are cleaned
with dry bread ; some by laying a piece of tissue or other
paper across the wide-open jaws of the bench vice, the sharp corners formed by the jaws taking off on the paper a
the
These methods are imperfect.
dirt.
a brush
Wet two
is
with soap and water
brushes, soap them,
plenty of water
method
is
till
little
—warm water being preferable.
and then rub them together
An
perfectly clean.
the delay in drying.
of
A good way to clean
Much
objection
injury
is
in
to this
done to the
appearance of the movement by injudicious brushing, and the watch grows prematurely
old in looks
by such
treat-
ment.
Buff Sticks. and used material
hand.
in
— Slips
of wood, covered with buff leather,
numerous polishing processes, some abrasive
being
spread
on them
suited
to
the
work in
BUSH.
Bumping-up Stake.—A
6i
steel stake, either round, square,
or triangular, at one end and hollow at the other; the solid end being used for ham-
mering work on, and the hollow end for resting wheels
arms require
and balances on when the
slightly
bending by a gentle
tap with the hammer.
Burnishers.
—Tools
ing generally, but a
used for burnish-
name more
particularly
^'S- '3applied to highly pieces of steel „ ^^ D J polished jr r BuMPiNG-op Stake. used on the surface of pivots, and which
impart to these an equivalent
Burnishers must be
lustre.
kept scrupulously clean and bright to produce satisfactory Sticks of alloys of
results.
gun-metal, and other materials
tin,
used for applying poHsh, are by some called burnishers, though polishers
is
a more correct designation.
The
plain,
round
brooches used for burnishing holes are also called burnishers.
They
are particularly
as they
good
tools to use in opening pivot holes,
compress the metal and so make a harder bearing.
—A material
Burnt Bone.
used for cleaning brushes and
considered preferable to chalk as being less gritty and dusty.
Burnt bone is not sold commonly, but it may be easily prepared by placing ox bones in a crucible and allowing them to remain The crucible should remain in for some hours in a brisk fire. the fire till it has died out ; when the burned bones are cold, soft white pieces
and so cleaning
Bush. of
may be
selected for rubbing the brush upon,
it.
— A piece of hard metal inserted in the plate or cock
a watch to form a bearing for a pivot.
employed are made a small price.
in quantities
They
are
made
The bushes
usually
on the Continent, and sold
at
of hard brass wire, in lengths
of about half an inch, and each end
is
drilled up,
and the
outside turned truly concentric with the boring, a nick being
— THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
62
when
cut to facilitate breaking off the bush
hole broached out specially to receive
known by
best
made
their continental
it is
pressed into a
These bushes are
it.
name, bouchons
they are
;
in graduated sizes to suit the various dimensions of the
pivots in the different parts of the train,
The
movements.
and
for large
and small
smaller pivots, however, generally are fitted
to jewel holes.
—The mechanism of
Calendar Watch. watch is so
far
this description of
increased that not only are the minutes and hours
indicated, but additional hands or dials
weeks, and the months
— sometimes
phases of the moon, &c.
The most
show the
days, the
the year, also with the
simple mechanism merely
records the lapse of every twenty-four hours, the
mechanism
being shifted automatically one day forward at about midnight,
and the at the
dial
showing the date of the month has to be
commencement of each month.
set right
In perpetual calendars
the entire records of the days, months, and years are kept automatically
;
the long and short months
and many days
—are
i.e.,
those with few
provided for in the mechanism, which
extends so far that the extra day in February of Leap Year
duly indicated on the calendar,
this involving
is
the use of a
wheel which revolves only once during four years. Callipers.
Fig. 14.
and jointed
—A
tool shaped like a figure 8,
Plain Callipers. in the middle.
wheels on their axes.
Fig. 15.
It is
made of
brass,
Gauge Callipers.
used for testing the truth
A wheel to be tested
is
ot
put between the
CAP.
63
jaws, which have small indentations to receive the pivot ends.
The wheel held near angles to
is
its
concentric
an object
spun round with the
its
axis
Cannon
it is
said to
be "
Pinion.
fingers,
and a
the wheel
said to be " in
When
" in round."
it is
is
When
periphery.
flat,"
is
and when
both in
flat
and
in
it
;
edge
and
perfectly
round
in
true."
—The
steel
hollow pinion which
the centre-wheel arbor, and on which the generally fixed
straight
perfectly at right
fits
minute-hand
on is
on the cannon-pinion the hour wheel revolves,
the centre arbor
fits,
spring tight, to allow of the hands
being shifted, by turning the cannon, without moving the arbor.
Where the hands are set from the front, the top of the cannon made square to take a key ; in those watches set from the
is
back, the centre pinion
is
hollow and the cannon carried by a
set-hands-square, passing through from the back usually, though
sometimes solid with the cannon-pinion, and
fitted
with a square
at the back.
Cap.
—A brass case made to
and so protect
it
from dust,
hollow box, which resting
on the
Src.
precisely
pillar-plate,
fit
over the entire movement,
Usually the cap fits
is
a round
the movement, the
edge
and the balance-cock sometimes
coming through the cap j it is commonly met with in old verge watches, and in full-plate English levers, but is now seldom made.
Case Stake.
—A kind of
anvil used for resting
watch cases
upon when hammering them to take out bruises, &c. The stake is usually a mushroom-shaped piece of steel, having the top highly polished.
Case stakes made of boxwood are also
used.
Case-Winding Watch.
—Watches which are contrived to
be wound by means of the case are so called. In some, the action of opening and shutting the case winds up the movement.
Others have the rim or bottom of the case connected
THE WA7CH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
64
with the winding arbor, so that
it
may be
actuated by revolv-
ing or oscillating one of these. This form of winding is
mechanism
but seldom employed, and has no practical value.
Centre Seconds.
— In
these watches
the
train
the centre of the
dial.
is
in
Stop-watches usually have centre seconds,
and in some cases independent centre seconds. a movement consisting of two distinct the seconds-hand, which is
so
is
arranged that the fourth wheel carrying the seconds-hand
is
This
latter is
so that
trains,
driven independently
when
by one train,
stopped, the other hands continue to go on, and, in
fact,
the watch indicates the time continuously, whether the inde-
pendent train
position,
through
stopped or going.
is
The motion wheels
movements are generally placed
centre seconds
in
in the usual
a
a stud being fixed in the centre having
hole
centre to allow the seconds pivot to pass; the
its
cannon-pinion
is
enlarged sufficiently to pass over the stud,
the other wheels being as usual.
The motion
is
usually im-
parted trom a duplicate of the cannon-pinion on the
set-
hands-square of the centre-pinion gearing into the minutewheel.
Centre Wheel.
—That
wheel of the train which
is
the
centre of the handwork, usually the one on the axis driven by the great wheel, and in the centre of the plate, carrying the minute-hand.
Though displaced by
cies of peculiarities, as in the centre
wheel retains
its
name.
its
arbor
the exigen-
seconds watch,
still
the
In some movements, as those which
are constructed to go for a week, the centre wheel
is
not driven
direct from the great wheel, but through the intervention of an
extra wheel
and
pinion.
Centres. —There are many variously formed centres
Round steel wire, which ends made of a form to suit the
to the turns.
having the general.
Brass centres are also used.
fits
fitted
the turns, and
work, are the most
Nearly
all
watchwork
— ;
CHAIN. is
65
turned between female centres, but occasionally points are
employed.
Centring Tool.
—A tool
for centring
It usually consists
for turning.
work
be mounted
to
of a cone, in
the centre of which a cutting point protrudes.
Work
to
be centred
revolved in the cone,
is
and the cutting point marks the
A method turning
is
centre.
of centring small rod metal for
by means of a
tool
made by
ing the end of a small round
in
file
grind-
^
three
Fig
16.
produce a cuttmg pomt, and to centking Tool. centre locate the by the eye alone.
facets
to
Chain. spring to
— Used the
to
communicate the power of the mainThese chains have
fusee.
links
flat
strung
together with rivets, each of which passes through three links, these running alternately in pairs and singly
punched out of
;
the links are
and are of very small
Steel
size.
At each end of the chain a hook
is
used for the
rivets.
put,
one to catch
in a hole in the barrel, the other to
wire is
steel
flat
hook
over a pin in the fusee. Chains for pocket watches vary in size considerably, but the average length
is
about
and
six inches,
contains about six hundred pieces, consisting of the links, the rivets,
and the two hooks, the whole weighing perhaps
than two fusees.
grains.
less
Chains are only used in conjunction with
The method
of putting the chain on a fusee
is this
:
Get the barrel and fusee in such positions that the holes for the chain hooks are towards the outside edge of the
movement
then put the ratchet-wheel on the barrel and pass the chain through from the fusee side, under the in the hole in the barrel.
Now
pillar,
the chain tight the while with the fingers,
wound on
the barrel
let
and put the hook
wind the barrel round, keeping
the click
fall
and when
in the ratchet,
the other end of the chain in the fusee.
all
is
and hook
There should be
just
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
66
on the chain to prevent
sufficient tension
you can now regulate the
coils
slipping
its
and
off,
on the periphery of the barrel
so that the chain will lead properly on to the groove cut in the
Then
fusee.
a turn
:
up the spring by giving the
set
this gives the
required to
make
barrel arbor half
necessary tension to afford the power
Now
the watch go.
wind the watch
usual way, carefully guiding the chain,
if
passes into the groove in the fusee, and the job
up a spring
is
who does Chain Guard. The
—
not understand the rationale of
it.
piece forming a stop to prevent
material used in watch-work
The
pared chalk.
done. Setting
Described under the heading of stopfinger.
—The
Chalk.
is
it
a process which should not be done by an inex-
perienced person
overwinding.
in the
requisite, so that
chalk
is
is
usually pre-
thoroughly pulverised and mixed
with clear rain-water in the proportion of two pounds to the Stir well
gallon.
and
let it
In
stand about two minutes.
Pour
time the gritty matter will have settled to the bottom. the water into another vessel, slowly, so as not to
Let stand
settlings.
The
as before.
untill entirely settled,
settlings in the
stir
up the
and then pour
second vessel
pared chalk, ready for use as soon as dried.
will
this
off
be your pre-
Spanish whiting
treated in the
same way makes a very good cleaning or polish-
ing powder.
Some add a little jeweller's rouge, which
powder a tiated.
colour,
and adds
to
its
gives the
value in the eyes of the unini-
In cases where a sharper polishing powder is required,
it
may be
is
frequently manufactured specially
prepared in the same way from rotten-stone.
Chalk by adding a solution of
carbonate of soda to a solution of chloride of calcium (both
cheap
salts)
so long as a precipitate
solutions should
be
carefully
is
thrown down.
being mixed, and dust should be rigorously excluded. white powder which
and when
carefully
falls
down
is
The
through paper before
filtered
The
carbonate of lime, or chalk,
washed and dried
it
forms a most excellent
CHAMFERS. polishing
powder
for the
softer
67
The
metals.
are
particles
almost impalpable, but seem to be crystalline, for they polish quickly and smoothly, though they seem to wear away the material so
little
that
form or sharpness
its
is
not injured to
any perceptible degree.
Chalk Box.
—This
upon which
chalk,
is
a
little
box
holding a lump of
for
to rub the brushes used in cleaning, to free
them from grease and
It
dirt.
may be made by
up a
nailing
small box from three inches to four inches square underneath
wood
the work-board, with a small piece of
chalk from falling out in front
;
to prevent the
or by fixing a piece of
wood
from the right-hand support to a place underneath the workboard,
when
the chalk will wedge itself sufficiently firm for the
purpose.
Chamfers.
—These are
tools used for
making hollows
watch plates, &c., such as the shallow indents for pivot holes. steel
The
in
around
best form of chamfer for this purpose
is
a
wheel mounted in a notch, cut diameter ways, in the end
of a properly
when
oil
the tool
made is
The wheel
shaft.
projects slightly,
and
rotated with a reciprocating motion the wheel
cuts a hollow of circular section, the radius corresponding to
the size of the wheel. left
quite square, but
Two
For
cutting, the
when rounded
it
edge of the wheel
is
serves as a burnisher.
wheels of the same diameter, one to cut and one to bur-
nish, are usually
mounted
in the opposite ends of
one
shaft.
Different diameters produce different sized chamfers, wheels
from one-tenth of an inch to a quarter of an inch diameter being commonly used.
Chronograph. by means of
—This form of watch
dots,
registers
on the
dial,
the time at which a certain action takes
place, as the pressing of a button or push-piece.
form of chronograph there precisely over the other
;
is
In the usual
a centre seconds with one hand
the lower hand has at
its
point a
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
68
receptacle for ink,
and the upper hand
is
towards the dial and passes through the button the top hand
on
it
an ink
bent at right angles
On
ink.
pressing a
depressed, and touching the dial leaves
is
hand immediately
spot, the
the going of the watch
is
rising again, so that
Chronographs some-
not impeded.
times take the place of split-seconds, but they are not generally used.
Chronometer.
—
Strictly
a measurer of time, and equally
applicable to the primitive contrivances used for that purpose as to the finely adjusted instruments which the highest skill
of
modem
The term
horologists can produce.
is,
however,
generally applied more particularly to the chronometer escape-
ment, originated by Berthoud, and applied by Harrison in the
second quarter of the eighteenth ceutury.
The
latter received
a Government award of ;^ 20,000 for perfecting a chronometer
which was tested on one of the king's ships in 1758.
Arnold
made improvements, and Eamshaw brought the chronometer to its present state of perfection. The balance of the chronometer
is
always compensated, and, from the fact of the impulse
being communicated only once to each complete to and fro vibration of the balance, this form of escapement to the jars
is
not suited
and shocks incidental to pocket wear, hence
it
is
chiefly confined to ships' chronometers.
Chucks.
—These are
appliances for holding work whilst
being operated upon by the
tool.
Fig. 17.
Usually the term
is
restricted
Arbor Chuck.
to pieces attached to the lathe-mandrel, several of
which are
shown below. Fig. 17 shows an arbor chuck for
holdmg
saws, laps, &c.,
CHUCKS.
69
which are fixed by the nut on the end. Fig. 18 shows a similar chuck, but longer and having a milled nut.
Fig. 18.
chuck constructed
Fig. 19
Arbor Chuck.
like the wire chuck,
but bored out tapering
so as to hold tapering laps, centres, &c., as shown.
Fig. 19.
Hollow-cone
Fig. 20.
Lap to fit
Fig. 21.
Cone Chuck.
Chuck.
shows a
fit
Fig. 22 is a
Cone-point to
Cone Chuck.
screw chuck, having a thread cut in the outer end with which
Screw
Fig. 22.
laps Fig.
Fig. 23.
Chtjck.
Lap to fit Screw Chuck.
and many other small pieces can be screwed Face-plate
24.
used to drive
for turning.
chuck,
work
turned
between centres and having a dog, such as the one
shown
Fig.
at
43
to
fixed
it.
The
four
ustrations
accompanying
ill-
show various forms
of cement chucks.
Figs.
26
and 27 screw into such chucks as Fig. 30,
and
Figs. 27
and
28 are used on an arbor chuck.
The
faces
of
tliese
chucks
Fig. 24.
Face Plate.
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
70
are covered with cement in which any article
bedded and so
Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.
Fig. 29
may be
Cement Chocks.
a sectional view of a shoulder chuck.
is
im-
fixed.
This
similar to a wire chuck, but
is
is
re-
cessed at the front end and so Fig. 29.
forms a step Section of Shoulder pieces. In Chuck.
for
holding short
.
undesirable to have steps cut
stepping appliance stead.
It
has
wire
in
many
of being
.
.
it
is
and
chucks
shown on page 130 may
the advantage
cases
be
the
used
adjustable
to
in-
any
depth.
30 shows
Fig.
a
taper-
mouth screw chuck intended to receive small
chucks and
appliances such as the cement Fig. 30.
TAPER-MOUTH SCREW CHOCK.
Wire
^^^^^^^
chucks, also called spring chucks
extensively used for holding wire
;
pjg^_
and
^^
split
^^^ ^^
chucks, are
several illustrations
show
these chucks.
They
are
difference
made
in a range of sizes
of xtoo of ^"
i'^''^
which have a uniform
between each successive
size
CHUCKS.
The
common
smallest size in
71
use takes wire
diameter, and the largest takes -fs^.
known by
certain
numbers according
^Mo
inches in
These chucks are
to their size
;
all
the numbers
Wire Chucks. Full size Sections AND Perspective Illustrations.
Figs. 31, 32, 33, 34.
represent an equivalent to tenths of a millimeter 3 takes split
three
of
y'-g-
chucks radial
the
The
of a millimeter, and so on.
may be slots
mandrel,
seen by the
;
illustrations.
and the coned part jambs thus
firmly
the
gripping
thus
number
construction of
There are in
the
end
wire perfectly
true.
Step chucks are shown at Figs. 35 and 36. split,
and have
may be
held.
steps turned in them, in
The chucks
are
made
which
These chucks are discs, or wheels,
of brass, and a set of five
fci
Kgs.
hold
all sizes
from
5
35, 36.
mm.
Step Chucks.
to 22-5
mm.
The
steps are some-
times turned specially for any piece which they do not exactly fit,
but with a properly graduated set
necessary.
this
should not
be
;
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
72 Fig.
37
shows a universal
face-plate
or
chuck, which
screwed into the mandrel
may be
same way as Fig. The pump centre rod shown 73. at Fig. 38, which is actuated by
and used
in the
Fig. 38.
Pomp Centre.
the fingers passes through the stalk
The
of the chuck.
left-hand
end
screws into the cone-point, and the Fig. 37.
Universal Face-plate right-hand end has a knob for OR Chuck. The centre can taking hold of.
be used
either with or without the spring in action.
Clamps. — A
tool used in the bench-vice, having the jaws
of a form to adapt them for the purpose in-
tended.
—
To give many methods
Cleaning. pearance
the work a good apare adopted.
Dipping
or soaking the parts in benzine or spirits of
removal of greasy
wine
facilitates the
good
soft brush, occasionally
dirt.
A
cleansed by rub-
-p-
ci^ps
bing on chalk or burnt bone, and tissue paper to hold the parts in so as to prevent contact with the skin,
be found as good a method as any. Clepsydra. Probably the earliest form of time measurer was used among the Egyptians, Chaldeans, Greeks and
will
—
it
Romans.
It
is
simply an instrument, or vessel, which
with water, and records the flow of of the clepsydra are
ment of flowing
now used
small intervals
from a vessel
of at
this fluid.
for
time.
a known
receiver during a certain event,
the
A
is filled
Modifications
accurate measure-
stream of mercury,
rate, is directed into
a
and by weighing the accumu-
COLLETS. lation
73
the receivers the time that has
in
may be
elapsed
reckoned.
Clicks.
—These are
the various detents which act on the
ratchet wheels, and prevent the backward motion of the wind-
In fusees there are two
ing arbor.
drawn
clicks,
made from
wire
specially to the form required, placed at diametrically
Going-barrel clicks are of two forms
opposite points. the side click,
is
a steel spring, which
to the side of the barrel bridge, having
into a click fitting the ratchet teeth lever held
;
its
free
spring fixed to the top of the bridge.
one,
end shaped
the other form
by a screw, and forced up to
;
screwed by one end
is
its
is
work by a
a short circular
Clicks should always
be hardened and tempered, excepting those
in fusees
made from special wire. Clock-Watch. A watch with mechanism
these
;
latter are
—
time, as does an
automatically,
strikes
to strike the
ordinary striking clock; the clock-watch
and
is
thus
distinguished
from
the
repeater, which performs the same function, when urged to do
by winding up the mechanism. Closing Punches. These are for closing holes which have become too large. The punch is arranged so that it
so
—
compresses the metal around the hole.
Cock.
— A piece serving
the purpose of a bridge, but rest-
ing only on one end, and held by one screw, as the balance-
cock of
all
watches.
The
various cocks are generally dis-
tinguished by an adjective, indicating the purpose to which
they appertain.
Collet.
—Any
small ring, or washer, used in watch-work,
as the balance-spring collet
—a brass
ring, fitting the collet
the balance axis, in which the inner end of the
spring
of is
pinned.
Collet Arbors. adapt
it
—A
modification of the plain arbor, to
specially for turning discs having a central hole.
Near
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOR.
74 that
end of the arbor opposite the
and beyond
this the
A
handed.
cone
steel
a flange of brass,
ferrule is
arbor has a thread cut on is fitted
on
it,
usually
left-
and a small nut
this screw,
Any disc having a hole may be mounted on the collet arbor,
forces this cone towards the flange.
which the cone
will
fit
and, on screwmg up the nut, the work will be forced against the flange and fixed.
and the
The cone keeps
flange serves the
same
of various sizes are used.
the disc true radially, Collet arbors
office flatways.
Their principal advantage
is
in
holding collets that are too thin to afford a good hold for an ordinary arbor.
Compensation Balance. make ture.
The
variations is
ordinary
annular
expanded, and
The
balance
usual to
balance
on increase of temperature. its
constructed to
two
to
the balance itself ;
and,
made more flexible by heat. compensation-balance is made by uniting a ring of
one of brass, the
compound
subject
is
First,
inertia consequently increased
secondly, the balance-spring
steel
—A
isochronal beats, notwithstanding changes of tempera-
is
latter
ring being carried
metal being the outer, the
by a
single diametrical bar, in
the centre of which the balance staff
is
fixed.
The
ring
is
cut
through at diametrically opposite points near to the cross bar,
and near the
free ends
of the segmental circles
headed screws are put, tapped
Then
balance.
the balance rim
more or
less
some heavy-
the rim of the
the contraction of the two metals of which is
composed being
bowed, and
balance-spring
radially into
is
different, the arcs
practically,
when
become
the power of the
reduced by heat, the extra expansion of the
outer metal (brass) in the rim brings the heavy-headed screws
nearer the centre, thereby decreasing the inertia of the entire balance.
the same
The
action of the spring
cause,
isochronous under
the vibrations of all
becoming weakened by the
balance are
made
temperatures by the proper adjustment
COUNTERSHAFTS.
75
of the relative proportions of the spring and the balance. compensation-balance, as
with numerous small
strips riveted together
shaw perfected the balance years ago.
It is curious
are found in watches
and yet the
of the rim,
been
have
had never been
place,
trials,
relative
— Crown
Wheel.
—A
wheel having
periphery;
the fourth
a verge movement, which drives the escape-wheel
in
wheel.
effected.
one enjoining extreme care
is
teeth cut at right angles to the
pinion,
by the
which are seldom bestowed.
Contrate Wheel. wheel
years,
for
absolutely necessary for
accurate adjustment of the compensation
and long
but Earn-
some compensation-balances they
position of the timing-screws
its
rivets,
present form a hundred
its
that
any compensation to take
The
to
where
division
The
introduced, consisted of two
first
is
a crown wheel, and sometimes termed a contrate
This form of wheel
is
seldom found except
in verge
watches and old-fashioned clocks, the depthing being very difficult to
arrange properly on so small a scale.
Conversion. escapement lever,
—A verge
fitted to
though
it
movement which has had a
would apparently be more correct
such a watch as a converted verge.
which have certain
intrinsic value
verted out of caprice, but satisfaction,
and
is
Cork Arbors. arbor, but in two,
Between the two
The
now
is
it
to
speak of
verge watches,
to their owners, are con-
a practice which seldom gives
made somewhat
and each discs
objects
—These
like the ordinary
half provided with a cork disc.
arbors
the turns, so that their edges
Counter-shafts.
Some
very seldom carried out.
—Arbors
chief use of cork
lever
called a conversion, or converted
it is
is
may be to
may be
held for turning.
hold watch-glasses on
slightly reduced.
are intermediaries between the
motive power and the machine in motion.
They
are usually
fixed to the back part of the work-bench and are quite
indis-
THE WATCH JOBBER'S BANDYBOOK.
76
pensable in working some of the apparatus used on the lathe.
Figs.
Fig. 40.
Counter-shaft.
Fig. 41.
Counter-shaft.
40 and 41 show two
shafts.
slightly different
torms of counter
;
CYLINDER ESCAPEMENTS. Countersinking Tool.
— This tool
small countersinks where a pin it is
undesirable to
The its
is
flat
cannon made of
and
employed for making
not available, and when
mount the work on a
tool consists of a
lower surface
drill is
lathe for treatment.
with a foot having
steel,
at right angles to the
cannon, the foot projecting on one side only. fixed
foot
on the watch-plate by means of a hand
and the
When
plate.
77
boring of the
This cannon
so fixed, cutters, fitting the bore of
the cannon, are brought to bear upon the watch-plate. cutters are kept in position
and
drills,
The
and upright by means of the cannon,
countersinks for jewels, and various other tools, are
Numerous
used.
is
vice clamping the
attachments
applied
are
to
simple
the
counter-sinking tool, such as a stop to regulate the depth of cut.
The
cutters are of various forms for different purposes
they are actuated by a
drill
bow
they are rotated by the thumb and
Crossing
Files.
— These
finger.
are used for filing the arms
inside rims of wheels, technically called " crossing out." files
are taper
and have rounded
curvature, so as to
Curb
Pins.
be suitable
—The
two
;
generally, though sometimes
sides,
and
The
each of a difierent
for circles of different radii.
pins,
in
the
ordinary index or
regulator, which confine the motion of the balance-spring sa that it is controlled by the regulator, from the stud in which
the spring
is
fixed
by
pinning.
—
Cutting Pliers. Tools used for cutting wire and purposes, more generally called nippers, which see.
similar
—
Cylinder Escapement. This form of escapement is also known as the horizontal, so called from the fact of the escapewheel lying horizontally, in distinction from the verge or vertical
escapement.
This
escapement was invented by
Tompion, and perfected by Graham, it is is
now
almost exclusively
early in the last century
employed
in foreign watches,
and
used instead of the lever from motives of economy ; move-
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
78
ments of the
The
kind have cylinder escapements.
flattest
axis of the balance
is
a hollow cylinder, cut away to allow the
passage of the escape-wheel teeth.
adopted in Swiss and
It is
French watches, being cheap in construction, and allowing
be made very
the watch to
Though
flat.
excellent for
ordinary pocket watches, the cylinder escapement cannot be
and some
said to equal the lever
racy
is
much
The drop
required.
of the escapement
correct.
how
The movement being
how much shake
tooth to escape
how
;
means
slightly
wound up, with till
a tooth
falls
any inequality
is
a fine ;
now
the escape-wheel has, and allow the
then try again, and go
all
round the wheel
To
the teeth and spaces agree in size.
all
will
the drops are equal and
far
wire or strip of paper turn the balance
to see
the cause of
is
trouble to watch-jobbers, but the following
enable them to ascertain
try
where greater accu-
others,
certainly a job for an
directions will not avail
expert
correct
hand, and
When
much, unless to an expert.
the
tooth contained within the cylinder has no freedom, and rubs at the point
and
heel, there is
no
internal drop
;
when
the
tooth has escaped, and the cylinder shell rubs on the point of one tooth and the heel of the next, then there drop.
The
internal
drop
by increasing the space between the
of the teeth, the external teeth.
When
the drop
no outside
is
increased by reducing the length
is
is
very
the watch
slight,
is
very liable
to stop through the excessive friction; in the case of unequal
drop the rate of a watch cannot be maintained, and occasionally stoppages will occur.
This fault
is
found by dotting the
balance with spots of rouge and carefully noting the oscillations, which, if unequal, indicate this is the usual cause, the
some
teeth lifting
by badly polished
same
more than surfaces,
others.
and
Though
unequal drops.
effect
A
may be
the result of
noisy drop
is
caused
in such a case the heel of the
cylinder should be carefully noticed.
If the
escape-wheel
DEAD-BEAT ESCAPEMENTS.
79
immense amount
of trouble will
pivot holes are too large, an
be caused, and,
in fact, all the end-shakes
and side-shakes of
the cylinder and escapement require most careful adjustment.
An
excess of
carefully
may
the escape-wheel teeth
sometimes
left at
and rounding
This
points
of
This
in perfect beat.
on the spring so
that
it
is
would
remedied by polishing the cylinder
is
the
off
arise,
points of
catch in a slight burr, which
escape-wheel
the
balance-spring should be pinned up
capement
The
guarded against.
the lips of the cylinder, and of course
stop the watch.
The
cause an infinity of errors to
oil will also
and should be most
is
es-
done by pinning the stud
exactly over a dot
is
teeth.
have the
to
marked
balance for the purpose of showing the position.
in the
Sometimes
the lower comer of the heel of the escape-wheel tooth touches the inside of the cylinder and stops the watch.
may be
defects is
seen, or rather
felt,
by careful
But trial.
all
these
If
there
any doubt of parts touching where they should not, a spot
of rouge put on will at once mark where
Cylinder Gauge.
—This
cylinder, both diametrically
is
it
touches.
used to measure the
and across the half
sizes of
shell.
a
The
tool consists of three strips of steel riveted together, with two spaces, each proportionate
longitudinal
The edge
tapering.
ing
is
graduated, and
gauged in the wide the half-shell, as
when
slot, is
shown
class the face of the pallet
by the no
and
narrow
slot,
the notch in the
correct depth.
— In
escapements of
this
on which the tooth of the escape-
concentric with
is
other,
coincident with the dimension of
in the
is
wheel drops
the
the diameter of the cylinder, as
known to be cut to the Dead-Beat Escapements.
cylinder
to
of the steel along one side of each open-
its
centre of motion,
and hence
further swing of the balance in the supplementary arc
recoil
remains at
is
effected
rest,
on the escape-wheel, and the wheel till, on the return motion of the
or dead,
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOIC.
8o
balance, the impulse plane of the pallet
brought under the
is
point of the tooth, and then the power from the train acts on the escapement.
Depthing Tool.— This
an instrument used to
is
test
the
depthing or gearing of a wheel and pinion or parts of an
escapement.
The
tool consists of
two frames, each somewhat
resembling a turn bench, which are jointed together and
moved by
The
a fine screw.
Fig. 42.
centres are perfectly parallel to
Depthing Tool.
each other, and their distance apart
is
adjusted by the screw
In use the two arbors to be depthed are
already mentioned.
put between the centres, to run
but without shake, and
free,
the two frames are brought together
till
the depthing
correct.
is
Pointed ends to the centres afford a means of marking on the watch-plate the correct distance apart for the pivot hole.
Detached Escapement.
—This
escapement
any one
is
that leaves the balance free of the train excepting at the time
when the impulse
is
ments are detached
;
Chronometer and lever escape-
given.
detached lever
is
a term not applicable
to the rack lever.
Detent.
—Very
often
properly speaking, the
used to indicate clicks; however, detent
is,
that piece of steel
forms a click to the maintaining power. into the plates
on the
and kept
pillar-plate
and
to
its
The
detent
which
pivoted
place by a steel spring screwed
called the detent spring.
in a chronometer escapement
is
is
escape-wheel from turning until
that piece
lifted aside
The
detent
which stops the
by the
roller.
— DIAL. Dial Wheels. beneath the
—The
8l
wheels which
on the
lie
pillar-plate
In ordinary watches these are only the
dial.
motion wheels (which
but in complicated mechanism,
see),
calendars, &c., the dial wheels are often very numerous.
Dial. silver,
—The
or
Thin sheet
made and
feet soldered
copper
is
punched
The
on.
made of gold
face of a watch; sometimes
but more frequently enamelled on copper.
surface
into form, the holes
then enamelled and baked, the figures and
is
dots for the minutes being painted with a camel-hair brush.
An
enamel
dial
made
movement will have the made sufficiently large
expressly for a
holes for both hour and seconds hands
by the dial-maker, unless he were instructed
may be purchased have very small holes. The
to the contrary.
Foreign dials
at tool-dealers' shops,
these
object
is
and
probably to allow
the holes to be opened sideways to suit the particular move-
ment
to
may be
which they
ultimately
fitted.
operation to enlarge the holes, the best
made
with an emery bob,
This will
drill-bow.
upon with a
a tedious
It is
to
do
being
it
and emery, driven with a cut the enamel, and the copper is operated of shellac
Careful treatment
file.
way
is
necessary to guard
Old copper
against chipping or cracking the dial.
new
dial-plates
it
To who do not know anything of the process of dial-making, may not be superfluous to tell how to proceed if a new dial
is
wanted.
are never re-enamelled, but an entirely
dial is
made.
those
Take the watch movement
entirely apart
;
put the
dial-plate, or brass edge'in the case,
without
being pinned together, not even with the joint-pin.
Leave
and
pillar-plate
the old dial out. to the dial
Send these portions
maker with an order
sunk seconds or otherwise. dial will
be
finished,
through the copper
The hole
for the
— the case and plates
for a dial as required, with
In the course of a few days the
and you
will
have to
feet for the pins
hour-hand socket
drill
small holes
which secure the will
dial.
probably be large
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
82
enough, also the hole for the cannon of the seconds-hand. not, they
A
dial
may be
made
If
enlarged by the method already mentioned.
specially
one bought ready
far superior to
is
made.
Diamantine.
— Diamantine By
the basis of borax. parts aluminium,
consists of crystallised boron,
melting loo parts boric acid and 80 are
crystals
merce
is
the
obtained,
so-called bort,
Diamantine bought in com-
which even attacks diamond. very hard.
Diamond Broaches. — These surfaces are rolled in fine
made of brass,
broaches are
Having
the size and shape desired.
oiled
diamond dust
them
slightly, their
until entirely covered.
Place the broach on the face of an anvil, and tap with a light
hammer
till
imbedded
the grains are
in the brass.
Great
caution will be necessary in this operation, so as not to flatten the broach. grains will
Some
Very
roll the
used
in
much
all
that will be required
dust.
It is
wasteful of the dust.
;
the
sooner than would be imagined.
broach between two pieces of smooth
imbed the diamond
more
blows are
light
be driven
steel to
a good way, but somewhat
Broaches made on
this
plan are
for dressing out jewel-holes.
Dog.
—Used
to
grip
work
for
turning between centres.
The dog shown for
on page the
at Fig.
43
is
intended
use with the face-plate chuck shown
work
The
69. is
cut
is
half size,
and
gripped between the two
halves of the dog, the screws serving Fig. 43-
shown
at the
Dog.
~
to
d^aw them together.
upper left-hand corner
face-plate.
Double-Bottom
Cases.
is
—Those
soldered to the "belly," so that the
inspected from the back of the case.
The
tail
placed in the slot of the
having the
"dome"
movement cannot be
DRILLS.
Douzieme Gauge. thickness
in
—Spring
callipers
The douzieme
especially plates.
used
for
gauging
of watch-work, but
parts
all
83
is
jointed
near one end, and has a scale and index
on the longer arms. The short arms meet as jaws, and the measurements shown by the index are approximately the twelfth of
a
about seventy-two of these, or
line,
lines,
six
being the limit of range.
Exactly equal measurements are not shown at different openings of the douzifeme, as the ,
,
,
•,
•
,
jaws measure a chord whilst the
,
,
mdex shows
Douzieme Gauge Fig. 44.
an equally divided ara Drills.
by
filing
—The
used by watchmakers are generally made
drills
the cylindrical steel wire slightly tapering, and then
spreading the point with a single blow from a tolerably heavy
hammer.
by a
Using a
series
of
There is not the
light
hammer and
gentle taps
effecting the spreading
effectually spoil the steel.
will
slightest occasion to anneal the steel for
mering, provided
it
is
moderately
For
soft.
all drills
ham-
up to
one-eighth of an inch diameter the steel should not be forged, as the bulk of the metal
is
too small to heat to any predeter-
mined temperature with any degree of
Pivot
certainty.
drills
can be made from good sewing-needles, which are of convenient form to be readily converted into a
needle must be tiU
it
made
be made
and
filed, slightly
tapering to a
The
than the size of the hole to be
drilled.
spread out by a sharp blow of a
hammer
to shape, the point being
—not by
used for
made more
drilling ordinary metal.
For
trifle
point
gentle taps, which would cause the metal to crack
up
the
The extreme end may
assumes a deep blue colour. quite soft,
Firstly,
drill.
working by heating
sufficiently soft for
is
less
now
a series of
—and
filed
blunt than would be
drilling
tempered
steel
;
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
84
the cutting angles must also be
much
less
The
than usual.
thickness of the drill across the flattened part should be about
Finish up the end on a
a third the diametrical measurement. strip of
Arkansas stone, a
work. It
file
being too coarse for such small
the great difficulty of getting such a very small piece
is
of steel to an exact predetermined degree of temperature
enough to harden, but not so hot that
it
makes the manufacture of these small this is
abundantly proved by the
made from
is
burned
tools uncertain,
fact that of half-a-dozen
in the material,
it
often happens
some are exceedingly
that
difference being
caused by the manipulation during hardening. not apply to
drills
the tiny pieces which,
their surface,
heating the
drill
how hot
they are
by the contact with the
are immediately rendered white-hot that are
By
This does
or other steel things which are of sufficient
by the colour of
size to show, it is
and
drills
the same wire, thereby assuring uniformity of quality
good and others of no use whatever, the
but
—hot
—which
and plunging
it
difficult to
body of a
into the
flame,
manage. tallow
candle the hardening will be effected, but the steel will not
be rendered so hard that use.
it
crumbles away under pressure in
Thus, in one operation, the
will
drill
be hardened and
Instead of tallow, white wax, sealing wax, and such
tempered.
like materials are
method which
adapted to the purpose.
finds favour with
some
:
it
thin point of the drill in a metal casing,
There is
is
another
to envelope the
and so get a bulk
metal which can be heated to a nicety, the
drill
of
inside being,
of course, raised to the same temperature as the surrounding
metal is
;
the whole
is
then plunged into
oil
or water.
Still
there
the difficulty of tempering to overcome, though the danger
of burning
is
avoided
;
burnt steel
is
of no use for
tools.
The
to exercise the greatest possible care not to over-
best plan
is
heat the
drill,
and harden and temper in one operation by The following method dispenses with the
plunging into tallow.
DRILL STOCKS. hardening process
85
—Select a round pivot broach
:
;
as sold, they
be found to be tempered to the correct degree of hard-
will
By means
ness.
broach which
and break
hole,
used
;
it
of the
off the steel at that point
must be broken
by
drill-stock
gauge, measure the part of the
split
the exact diameter required for the intended
is
shellac
;
off if too long,
the small piece
;
and cemented
an ordinary drill-stock
of brass joint wire serves the purpose.
used instead of shellac; and
will do, or a piece
Soft solder
may be
carefully heated the
if
is
into a
temper
The piece of tapering steel is now formed into a drill by grinding down the sides with a piece of Arkansas stone, and the end shaped up to a cutting angle. The thick not be drawn.
will
end of the broach forms the cutting end, and the ordinary taper of a broach will be quite sufficient to give clearance to
the is
drill,
which may be sharpened by grinding
whole
until the
used.
Drill-stocks.
such
— For the purpose of holding
them which the stock with the
drills
when used,
being only short pieces without a means of rotating
drills
drill
end, which
pointed.
is
Ordinary drU-lstocks,
furnishes.
bow, are rods of
The
steel with
other end
is
for use
a ferrule near one
bored up and a notch
cut about half through the diameter to afford a hold for the
The
drills.
have be
drills
are each
first fitted
their cutting edges formed.
fitted to
sizes are
and used with one
to their stock,
Any number
drill stock.
used according to the
rom two
The
usual sizes
^^
tsst-' F'S- 45-
are
to three inches in length, having terrules from one-
drills
diameter.
->
drill-stock.
quarter to three-quarters of an inch in diameter,
take
may
Stocks of different
mjs.
dimensions of the hole to be wl/ drilled.
and then
of drills
and bored to
of from one-fifteenth to one-tenth of an inch in
The pointed end
centre punch
mark
of
the drill-stock works in a
on the end of the chops of the bench vice.
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
86
and the
tool
drill-stock
Emery and
Grinders.
— Shellac, melted
thumb and
rotated with the lubricate
Archimedian
together with emery,
fixed to a short metal rod, form a grinder
ing the holes in enamelled dials.
is
An
rotated with a drill bow.
is
sometimes takes the place of the ordinary kind.
its
The
forefinger,
used
grinder
and water
open-
for
is
generally
used to
is
The grinder
cutting part, which soon wears away.
reshaped by heating the shellac and moulding the mass
whilst
it is
in a plastic condition.
Endstones.
—The
small stone which
is
on the jewel-
laid
holes and receives the bearings of the end of the pivot
end-
;
stones are invariably used in the balance-axis bearmgs,
and
often throughout the escapement.
Escapements. that portion of train.
its
—The
escapement of a watch consists of
mechanism which regulates the speed of the
Usually the rotary motion of the train
a reciprocating motion of the balance, and
escapement that
this is effected.
converted into
is it
is
escapements, but only a few are in general use. the escapement
is
through the
There are many
varieties of
The
object of
to check the rotation of the train-wheels so
as to cause the force of the mainspring to remain in action for
a longer period, and which the
same time
at the
train rotates.
to regulate the rate at
This being the case,
it is
obvious that
the escapement plays the most important part in regulating the
The balance
going of a watch.
fectly isochronal will
equal beats in equal time, perfect time-keeper.
that
makes
keep accurate time. is
Many
its
vibration per-
Isochronism, or
the object to be aimed at for a constantly varying forces act on
the mechanism of a watch and cause variation in the force carried to the escapement,
by an
effective
and these have to be counteracted
escapement with a
good balance.
Some
escapements are particularly suitable for only special purposes,
and become
useless
when
misapplied.
Obviously
all
escape-
ESCAPEMENTS. ments used
for
87
watch-work must be constructed to go equally
well in the various positions in which the watch
Some account
be placed.
of temperature which
The
and commendable
liable to
usually experienced by watch-work.
is
escapements and their imperfec-
properties of various
tions
is
should also be taken of the variation
features are subjects that are contin-
ually being discussed in the trade.
It
would be beyond our
scope to treat elaborately on the intricate details of escape-
ments generally.
Neither
is
proposed to examine the
it
of escapements that are
peculiarities
Upwards of a hundred
not in general use.
escapements could be de-
different
scribed, but as those in general use comprise only five, these
The
will suffice.
verge, the cylinder the duplex, the lever,
and
the chronometer are those which interest practical workmen.
There are three
classes of escapements, the
The
specimens of each. action less
it
marked.
escapement
is
make a
The verge belongs one
in
so
recoil,
causes the train to
above comprise
named because when
retrograde motion
to this class.
which the escapement
is
in
more or
The dead
beat
perfectly at rest,
a tooth of the wheel resting against the axis of the balance, except at the time the impulse
duplex escapements belong to
ments are dead beat distinct
also,
is
given.
this class.
The
but the balance and
from the escape-wheel, which
cylinder and
Detached escapeits
axis are quite
rests against
an interme-
diate piece except at the time the impulse is given.
and chronometer escapements belong to primitive verge escapement
horological
art.
made, but
still
was the
only escapement century. earlier
now
class.
Lever
The
only a remnant of past
These escapements are not now generally
ments.
It
is
this
very
many watches
first
employed
known up
exist with verge escape-
in time-keepers,
and was the
to the middle of the seventeenth
The verge acted without a balance-spring, and the may be likened to the escapement now found in
forms
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
88 bottle
Very
roasting-jacks.
good
attained with the verge escapement
results,
but
;
it
too,
has
have been
now been
sur-
modem watchmakers bestow little attention upon The modem escapements are superior in their action, and
passed and it.
the faulty theory of the verge renders fected state of the
unsuitable to the per-
it
This escapement
art.
is
necessary, that
and most
keeping
qualities.
Owing
is
thick,
and
this
good time-
requisite to get
to the escape- wheel being in a plane
at right angles to the plates, a verge
be
fiisee is
careful adjustment of the mainspring, so
gives an unvarying power,
it
by
largely affected
a small variation in the motive force, consequently the
movement must necessarily
does not accord with modern requirements.
For clock-work, or in any case where the arc of vibration small, the verge
When
escapement
is
at
become but
the pivot-holes
ing of the escapement
is
much
a
slightly enlarged the depth-
Also owing to
altered considerably.
when both
the contacts of the escapement occurring
and
the wheel
each travelling in opposite direc-
pallets are in motion,
the force of impact produces very rapid wear.
tions,
is
better advantage.
these reasons the verge escapement
is
For
need of constant
in
repair.
The
cylinder or horizontal escapement
used in Geneva watches.
It is
the one
is
commonly
capable of considerable accu-
racy in time-keeping qualities, and being cheaper to produce
than the lever, the cylinder escapement
ployed
;
vented the century,
escapement
cylinder
extensively em-
early
in
the
Graham
wheels were
made of
it
into use.
brass,
At
first
that time the escape-
and were very
for the larger portion of Swiss
in-
eighteenth
but Berthold, the famous French horologist,
perfected and brought
adopted
is
but especially in Continental watches.
thick.
It
is
now
and French watches,
being cheap in constmction and allowing the watch to be
made
very
flat.
It is called a frictional-rest
escapement, owing
ESCAPEMENTS. to the fact that during the is
at rest the point of
From a
89
whole time that the escape-wheel
a tooth
is
in contact with the cyUnder.
consideration of the action of the escapement,
be understood that the rotation of the escape-wheel
by the point of the tooth resting the balance and
If the motive
so resting,
by the force of going of
will greatly affect the
power of the
train is increased the
and the watch thus made to go
friction is increased,
The
is
of the friction between the escape-
wheel tooth and the cylinder the watch.
will
on the inner and
the tooth
cylinder continue to oscillate
The amount
momentum.
alternately
When
outer surface of the cylinder.
it
checked
is
slower.
increase of power and the increase of friction thus, to an
extent,
have a
reduce
friction,
sort of natural compensation.
cylinders have been
and material
extra cost of labour
the verge,
it
escapement
is
perfect
;
Charles
II.,
to
Hooke.
superior to
from the
it
answers.
first
ideas
In 1660 he made a watch
having an escapement from which the
duplex has been evolved.
but the
suppose that the cylinder
modified
is
;
not compensated for by
though for ordinary wear
The duplex escapement attributed to Dr.
In order to
of ruby
Though much
the questionably superior result.
would be wrong
is
made
for
modem
In the original there were two
escape wheels, but now, the peculiar double set of teeth are cut
The duplex-escapement
on one wheel. a
great
nicety of workmanship,
excellent qualities,
it
is
does not approach the lever for general
The duplex cylinder. The
usefulness in every-day wear. rest,
thus
resembling the
natural compensation for increased motive curiously, there
is
one that requires
and though possessed of
also a sort of natural
variation of temperature.
has a frictional peculiar
power
sort of
exists,
and,
compensation for
Cold weather, which, by increasing
the force of the balance-spring, causes the watch to gain, also acting
on the
oil
and increasing the adhesion of the points
in
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
go
contact during frictional rest, causes a sort of natural compen-
That these two
sation.
other there
no ground
is
ment does not degree as
compensation-balance in the same
require a
required by a lever or other detached escape-
it is
ment.
Owing
is liable
to set or stop
to certain peculiarities, the duplex-escapement
when
carried,
escapement
renders
seconds watches, and
The
it is
lever-escapement
and
particularly
it
for these that
is
for this
The dead
not desirable in a pocket-watch. the
now
There are many
suitable
The
of the
is
essential.
English lever
This
is
it
the modifications
all
is
perhaps
a right-angle escape-
straight line lever is a variety that
positions
relative pallets,
dead
universally recognised as the
The
been introduced.
high-class watches.
for
of the lever-escapement, and
varieties
the most favourably known.
some
it is
chiefly used.
it is
would be hardly possible to enumerate
ment.
reason
beat action ot
best adapted for pocket-watches where accuracy
that have
each
absolutely neutralise
efifects
for asserting, but the duplex-escape-
These terms are centres of the
is
used in
indicative of the
escape-wheel,
the
and the balance. The dead-beat escapement, invented
by Graham, and used lever-escapement.
important
was the
in clocks,
to
watch-work several
were necessary.
Thomas Mudge
In order to a:pply
modifications
original idea of the
it
succeeded in producing the lever-escapement in a form that
worked
satisfactorily,
about
the
close
of the
eighteenth
This was the detached-lever, as distinguished from
century.
the rack-lever, which had been used by Hautefeuille.
escape-wheels of lever-escapements are usually
but occasionally of
The form
wheels.
shaped
is
ment.
Club
steel,
though
Very hard brass
the purpose.
is
of the teeth
made
The
of brass,
this is inferior material for
best suited for these escape-
is
varied, but pointed
wedge-
form usually
adopted in the English-escape-
teeth, as those
having enlarged ends are called.
the
— FILING BLOCK.
91
are considered advantageous, as they retain the oil
points
of
Foreign
action.
escapements
on the
frequently have
club-toothed steel wheels.
—
Equation Watch. One made with two sets of hands, so mean solar time and the apparent solar time may
that both the
be seen.
—A magnifying
glass,
engaged in watch work.
The
Eye-glass.
by
all
drical case,
which
lens
so shaped that
is
The edge of the
held in the eye.
which
the entire instrument
is
it
The
allowed to that
is,
lie
just
is
placed lifted
is
then
on the upper part of the cheek eye,
eye-glass will
Facing-tools are used pinions.
a cylin-
eye-glass, as
designated,
opposite circumference
below the
and thus the
greatly affected
fitted in
may be
beneath the eyebrow and a piece of skin slightly.
is
is
These
where
will catch,
it
be held securely. for polishing the ends or faces of
tools are usually
made
of soft iron
;
oilstone
dust and " red-stuff" being used to grind and polish with.
shape a facing-tool
is
similar to the
punches used
In
for driving
out cylinder plugs, the projecting pin being replaced by a hole in the facing-tool.
Ferrules.
may many made
—Discs, with grooves
be revolved with a drill-bow.
in the edge,
Screw
by which work
ferrules are
cases, but plain ferrules are better in some.
of brass,
cement them
ivory,
and other
to the object to
material,
be turned.
wax
used in
They
are
serving
to
Plain ferrules are
driven on drUl-spLndles, arbors, &c., and form part of these tools.
Filing Block. on.
On
—A block of hard wood
used
for filing pins
the edges of the block longitudinal grooves are cut,
in which any wire held in the pin-vice
is
laid whilst being filed,
the block being held in the jaws of the bench-vice.
The
pin-
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
92 vice
is
between the thumb and
twirled
whilst the right
hand actuates the
file.
fingers of the left hand,
Filing blocks are often
boxwood an inch and a half square, and half an inch thick, with grooves on each edge. Filing or Arbor-squaring Apparatus.— This is used pieces of
on the lathe
to guide the
file
in the operations
named.
Three
varieties of style are illustrated below.
Figs. 47, 48, 49.
Fig. 47
shows a
filing
in place of the T.
Filing Attachments.
attachment to be held in the hand-rest adjusted vertically, by means of a
It is
The
finely-threaded screw, fitted with a milled nut, as shown.
guides are hardened steel and fixed in their places
round they may be turned over attachment
useful
is
in
tween the lathe centres the square correctly.
which
fastens
;
worn by
the division-plate
Fig.
directly
if
squares on
filing
48
is
made by
guides for the for height
Fly.
ance axis fly
&c.
the American
used to divide
The
on the lathe-bed.
Fig.
height
49
is
a
Watch Tool Company.
are hardened rollers, which
by a screw and milled
—An
to
file
held be-
a more complete apparatus,
adjusted by means of the graduated nut. fixture,
This
use.
arbors is
being
:
may be
is
filing
The
adjusted
nut, seen in the illustration.
arbor carrying two wings, which, by their resist-
the
and thus
atmosphere,
impede
the revolution
control the
velocity
of
the
of
mechanism
the ;
a
usually regulates the striking works of repeating watches,
FRAMES. Fly-spring.— This
93
the spring fitted inside the belly of
is
the case and which causes the cover to
up.
fly
Fly-wheels are used, instead of bows, and, in some cases, for driving even used in the ordinary way.
drill-stocks
A
continuous rotation
rection cal
di-
than the alternating motion as
produced by a shows a new
commended
bow.
drill
Fig. 50
foot wheel re-
style of
for use with the
on page
illustrated
104.
rocking motion to the its
one
in
more economi-
necessarily
is
for driving lathes
general construction
It
lathe
has a
and
stirrup,
may be
in-
ferred from the cut.
— (See "Potence.") —The notch the end
Follower. Fork.
in
ilisFiit'
of
the lever which takes the ruby pin
Fig. 50.
Fly-wheel.
in the detached lever escapement.
Fourth Wheel.
— That
wheel of the train which drives
the escape-wheel pinion, and usually carries the seconds-hand.
Frames. affixed to
—The two
plates, with the pillars
and other parts
them, are called the frames of a watch, the wheels
and small work not being included by the term. which has been well hammered, for the frames, which, after
smooth, are
gilt for
being
finally finished
Frame Saw. —A
commonly known
small saw,
and made
one of the jaws by which the saw be fixed with a clamp-screw. ;
A
as a
fret
adjustable to the length of
is
Clamp-screws hold the saw
spring for the saw
brass,
employed
appearance sake.
saw, fixed in a steel frame which
the saw.
Hard
the material usually
is
is
at its
held
is
extreme ends, and
movable and may
bowed end
affords a shght
a handle at the opposite end gives the
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
94
means of actuating the frame. cut during the puUing, not
Saws should always be fixed to (See
the thrust of the frame.
" Bow-saw.")
Full-plate top plate the plate
Watch.
— Movements
are so called
a circular disc, and the balance
is is
cut
lies
above
when the it when ;
away to allow the balance to be sunk on
the pillar-plate, the
movement becomes a
to
three-quarter or half-
plate (which see).
Fusee.
—The cone-shaped
to receive the chain
cylinder, cut with a spiral groove
the chain
;
wound
is
ofif
the barrel on to
the fusee, and the increased tension of the spring, as
wound
compensated
further, is
diameter of the cone
;
for
by
acting
it
is
on the smaller
thus the varying power of the spring
is
made to act with a uniform force on the train, and if so desired the number of turns of the mainspring may be increased through the medium of the fusee. Originally made to effect the above purpose when mainsprings were of uneven quality, the object has been latterly to an extent accomplished
by the
production of springs of uniform strength, so that by the judicious selection of the middle coils, the action of the two ends
being prevented by stop-work, a going barrel
is
made
to trans-
mit a tolerably uniform force, and thus the fusee has fallen into disuse,
though for a long time the characteristic of English
watches.
It is
stUl
preserved in ships' chronometers,
but
pocket watches of even the best quality are most frequently
made
when properly
with a going barrel, which,
sufficiently accurate
and
less liable to
adjusted,
is
derangement than the
and its appurtenances. Fusee-turning Arbors. These are arbors contrived for turning fusees. The arbor is made in two distinct pieces, fusee
—
one
The split
consists of the ferrule, having
other piece
down
is
a coned point projecting.
a steel rod, about an inch and a half long,
the centre, nearly
its
entire length.
The divided
;
HAIR-SPRING. part
with screws to form jaws to hold on to the fusee
is fitted
The
square.
95
other end
to the ferrule in such a
is fitted
way
with a disc, which
By
at right angles to the axis of rotation.
when a
can be shifted so as to make the fusee run
Geneva Stop;—The
this
arrangement,
true.
Maltese cross form of stopwork (See " Stopwork.")
going barrel watches.
all
attached
gripped by the square in the jaws, the arbor
fiisee is
applied to
is
two pieces may be moved
that the
Glossing. —
^A process of finishing brass effected with red-
stuflf.
Scrupulous cleanliness
red-stufi' oil,
used
a
is
The
especially in glossing.
fine, soft quality,
and
is
mixed with
applied,
A good black gloss should be attained by A little rouge mixed with the red-stuff will assist
with elder pith.
these means.
in attaining the result
Going its
essential to success in all
is
more
polishing operations, but
Barrel.
;
but the polish
—A mainspring
will
not be so durable.
barrel having teeth cut
on
periphery which gear direct into the centre pinion, thus
doing away with the chain and
fiisee
;
it is
used chiefly in foreign
watches, though recently the going barrel
Gravers. same
tools
—These
is
are used for turning,
used in other trades
for the
The
largest used
in
tenth of an inch across the
Great Wheel.
and resemble the
same purpose.
are of square and lozenge section, and are
form.
employed more
(See " Fusee.")
generally and in the finest class of work.
named
They
after their
watch-work seldom exceed one-
flat.
—The wheel on the base of the
fusee which
drives the centre pinion.
Greying,
Ayr
stone.
—A process of The
stone
an even grey surface
is
finishing brass effected
is filed flat
attained
by water-of-
and charged with clean
by a polishing process.
oil
Bright
a continuation of the process, using rottenstone
grey finish
is
on a wood
slip.
Hairspring.
— (See " Balance Spring.")
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
96
Half-plate Watches.
—Those
approximately resembles a half
wheel
is
in
which the upper plate
circle;
in
them the
The term
generally planted in a cock.
is
fourth
used analo-
gously with three-quarter-plate watch (which see.)
Hammers.
—Those
used in watch-work except in
size,
difter
but
little,
from many that are
employed by other handicraftsmen. Fig. 51.
The
Hammer.
commonly used weighs half, and fre-
largest
but an ounce and a quently
hammer heads
are
be found on the watchmaker's
to
bench.
mon
heads are the most com-
Steel
those having round faces are for
;
Brass and other soft metals are
riveting.
used
that weigh only a quarter of an ounce
for
making hammer heads
that are
The handle
to
be used on
is
generally about ten inches long,
finished work.
and
very small near the end where the head is fixed,
so as to
make
it
springy.
Hand Tongs. —Tools
similar to slid-
ing tongs but having jaws specially con-
Figs. 52, 53.
Hand-tongs. structed
they
to hold watch hands, so that
may be
conveniently shaped to
fit
on the motion work.
There are two forms of hand-tongs in general use.
One
has narrow jaws, with
slits
to
hold the hands, shaped to give the choice of two
sizes.
The
other form has jaws over
an inch wide, pierced with holes
to hold the
hour-hands, and having slots for the minute-
hands.
Hand-vice.
—This
tool
is
but a
dimi-
nutive form of the ordinary hand- vice used
by many workers
in metal.
It is
seldom
54.
hand-vice.
INDEX.
97
that a watch repairer requires this tool, the pin-vice or sliding
tongs answering most purposes, except for particularly large
work, for which the bench-vice
Hardening.
is
generally available.
—A process by which metals are made harder.
Steel has the peculiar property of if
becoming exceedingly hard
cooled suddenly when at a red heat.
C are must be which
will
be
it.
Oil or water are most
commonly used
After hardening, the steel will require to be
which process
is
described
under
its
Brass can be hardened by hammering or rolling it
to
&c.
but any method of suddenly extracting the heat
effective.
tempered,
tools,
exercised to guard against overheating the steel
will injure
for cooling,
property
It is this
making cutting
that renders steel so valuable for
become
heading.
heat causes
;
soft.
Hour Wheel. — One
of the motion wheels, which
fits
on
the cannon-pinion and carries the hour-hand.
Hunting Cases.
—Those
which have a metal cover to
protect the glass over the dial.
Independent Seconds Watch.
—This
has two inde-
pendent trains of wheels driven by separate m.ainsprings.
One
train drives
a seconds-hand,
which may be stopped
any time without interfering with the other the ordinary set of hands.
watches are
made
quently fourths or at
train
For greater exactness in timing,
to indicate fractions of seconds, fifths,
at
which drives
most
fre-
and the seconds-hand may be stopped
these fractional parts of a second.
(See
" Centre
also
Seconds.")
Index.
—The
point
of
the regulator which
cause the watch to go faster or slower
—
and
the
retard, usually abbreviated to
fast
and
is
moved
to
slow, or
advance
letters
of these
initial
words, being engraved on the surface near the index to indicate the direction in which this should be moved.
used to indicate
is
Any
pointer
termed an index when not one of the hands.
H
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
98
Jacot Tool. after they
—The Jacot tool
Some watchmakers use
turns.
is
used for finishing the pivots
have been turned nearly to
and shape in the
size
the turns only, and finish the
pivots with a graver, only using red stuff to polish finally
;
but in the Jacot tool
Fig- 55-
With
this
made
the pivot
is
centre, of
usual to use a pivoting
is
file.
JACOT-TOOL.
reduced in
called a pivot burnisher, is
is
and
size,
A similarly shaped
quite parallel.
burnish or polish
it
them with
at the
same time
without any teeth,
file,
next applied, and with this the final
The Jacot tool has one
put on the pivots.
which both ends may be used, one being
for treating
the diameter of the pivots only, the other for reducing their length and rounding up the ends.
The end used
operation has about a dozen facets on circular groove in the centre,
Figs. 56, 57.
and these grooves are graduated
jACOT-TOOL Centres.
in size to suit all the usual run of select
for the first
each having a semi-
it,
watch
In use,
pivots.
one of the large grooves and place
it
put the pinion to be operated on against the
first
uppermost ; then
left
female centre,
with the pivot to be finished lying n the groove of the opposite centre, this being adjusted to very nearly touch the shoulder
then lay the pivoting
and with the
file
on the pivot
to
keep
it
j
in the groove,
drill-bow revolve the pinion, at the
same time
JACOT TOOL. moving the
the diameter of the pivot
till
face of the groove to
99
backwards and forwards.
file
is
on which the
This
reduced to a
file rests
and
;
must be moved on one division to the next till
the pivot
care must be taken to keep the edge of the
file is
desired
be
and
size smaller,
into the corner
file
left
square
and
;
after
discarded the burnisher must be used to finish the
pivot with. file
if it is
In every case great
of the size required.
is
of the pivot, so that the shoulder will
the
level with the
further reduce the size of the pivot, the Jacot centre
still
so on
continued
is
When
the shoulder of the pivot
is
small,
and the
apt to slip along the axis, as for instance with a verge,
which would be broken through the
pallet catching against the
customary to use a guard-piece, which
file, it is
This
the Jacot tool.
is
finger projecting just
close against
fixed
on
above the diameter of the centre, and
end, forming a rest for the edge of the
its
In the hands of an inexperienced pivoter
be found to prevent many with practice
The
cases.
tool
is
use
its
sold with
is
and has a small
to the centre,
slips
may be
file.
this guard-piece will
and consequent breakages, but
dispensed with except in special
reverse end of the principal centre of the Jacot
generally protected with a brass cap, as
it
has a very thin
edge, pierced with holes of graduating size, corresponding with
the sizes of pivots. to
work
in a hole
In use, the pivot to be operated on
which nearly
fits
it,so that
is
put
the end of the,
centre bears against the shoulder, and the point of the pivot
thus
small half-roimd small.
This
is
is
shaped and burnished by means of very
files,
about an inch long, and correspondingly
projecting
left
Another centre sometimes forms part of a Jacot
tool.
only single ended, and has three or four grooves in
specially
made
it,
for treating long-seconds pivots, the grooves
being longer, and the faces cuts lightly tapering to pivot a trifle conical.
weak bow with a
For turning the work in a Jacot
horse-hair,
and
for pinions
make the
tool,
use a
which have the
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
100
wheels fixed on them, instead of using an ordinary screw ferrule,
a plain brass better
still,
side, will
ferrule,
one of
having a large hole in the centre, or even
ivory, with
a
beeswax melted on one
little
be found much more convenient.
enough
fixed quite firmly
pressing it
on to the
Such a
for all ordinary purposes
furrule is
by simply
arms of which embed
side of the wheel, the
themselves in the wax.
Jewel Holes.
—Used instead of bushes
bearings of watches usually jewelled,
Ruby
wheel.
in the
and the
and sometimes the
delicate
train as far as the centre
more frequently employed. them is
friction in
all high-class
Jewel made of
more
the bearings of the escapement are
Jewelled bear-
more durable than metal even though
ings are
use in
all
jewel holes are the best, being hardest, but
inferior stones are
hardest,
;
less
;
this
be of the
hence their invariable
work.
—
Screwdrivers. Very diminutive screwdrivers, and fitted into a wire handle, used
small steel wire
for turning jewel screws.
Jewelling Cutter.
—This
Fig. 59.
Fig. 60.
tool,
shown
at Figs. 58 to 63,
is
Centre.
Cutter Stock.
a time-saving device, cutting jewel settings in a few seconds. Sets of twelve, with gauge, are packed in a
they are specially
adapted
for
box and sold complete;
use in the American lathes, and
JEWEL SETTER.
loi
The faces numbered 10 fits No. 38 chuck. and 12 form the bezel, which can be made heavier if desired by grinding from face 10. These cutting faces may be the usual size
V
^iMmisffsgf
Fig. 58.
sharpened when drill, first
dull.
V
1^
Jewel Setter.
The
tool
is
used
like
feeding the work with the back centre.
made,
large
an ordinary
A small
enough to admit the point of the
hole
cutter,
which gradually reams the hole and so gives steadiness and
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. prevents a too rapid feed, which would injure the cutter and
work.
Stop Colllar.
Fig. 6i.
Fig. 62.
Jewel Cutter.
Joint Pusher.
—A round
Fig. 63.
steel
Jewel Gauge.
pin fitted into a handle and
used to push the joint pins out of watch cases. simple
through the
joint,
and having
Key Gauge, —This
is
squares projecting from
it
duated in
largest size,
size,
sizes are
its
end
filed flat.
now
i
or 00,
sizes of
and
commencing
as the
as this size
is
purely arbi-
—This
is
an arrangement for winding
the watch without the aid of an independent key.
may be turned by means of the
which
is
connect
The most
that of a steel shaft passing through the centre of the
pendant and having a serrated knob it
key
generally recognised, but as the
sizes.
Keyless Mechanism. is
gra-
impossible to give any tangible equivalent for the
value of key
usual
steel
These squares being
radially.
and smallest are variously taken
which may be
trary, it is
a very
a disc of brass with several
form gauges on which to try the
Twelve
pipes.
It is
the pin being of a size convenient for the hole
tool,
it
fitted to its top,
fitnger
in the interior of the case,
and thumb.
is
fitted
by which
The
end,
with gearing to
with the winding square, the particular method being
LATHES. determined by many reasons.
used for setting the hands,
it
103
same gearing
Invariably the
is
being thrown in gear by applying
pressure to a small projection provided for the purpose on the
circumference of the case.
When
used in fusee watches, the
mechanism must spring out of gear automatically
as the winding
The advantages
square revolves during the going of the watch.
of keyless mechanism are obviously the convenience of always
having the key with the watch, and with require to be opened,
and hence may
it
the cases do not
tighter,
fit
making them
the less pervious to dust and moisture.
Lathes.
—The application of the
comparatively recent date.
The
lathe to watch
last ten years
work
development of the application, but, previously, the the term
now
is
understood, was but
watch work, though,
employed since the illustrations
much and
show
early days of horology.
the tool has been
The accompanying
may be inferred.
The machines
with great accuracy and of
are
which
For many purposes,
especially forlight work, watchmaker's lathes will
particularly useful.
made
lathe, as
lathes with various attachments, from
useful information
of
used in general
little
for special purposes,
is
has seen the
somewhat
be found
costly,
being
though
first-rate material,
small in comparison with mechanics' lathes generally.
The Moseley
lathe
American lathe used
shown as a specimen of the modern
is
in
watch work.
Mr. C.
S.
Moseley has
been connected with the manufacture of watches by machinery from
its
infancy in America, and was the
the split or spring chuck, in original superintendent,
sulting
Elgin,
and
its
111.,
U.S.A.
He
in three sizes
and two
to bring into use ;
was also the
for five years designing
engineer of the Elgin National originated
ances for producing these
first
present form
tools.
qualities.
and con-
Watch Company, of
and perfected many
The Moseley The sizes are
:
appli-
lathe
is
made
No.
i,
length
of bed nine-and-a-half inches, height of centre one-and-three-
J04
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
LATHES. quarter inches
;
No.
centre two inches
;
2,
length of
No.
3,
105
bed eleven
The No.
of centre three-and-three-eighths inches. illustrated is half size
inches, height of
length of bed fifteen inches, height
(Fig.
64), has
lathe
i
a bed nine-and-a-half
inches long, height of centre one-and-three-quarter inches, so that
it
swings three-and-a-half inches, and costs ;^ 10.
hard lathes the head and
ings, are of the finest-tempered steel,
by
The
special machinery.
and
tailstock, spindles
ground to
In the
their bush-
size
and shape
outside surface of entire lathe
is
highly polished and nickel-plated, cone pulleys of hard rubber
with four speed changes, and indexed with sixty holes, that a circle 2
may be
divided in 60, 30, 20, 15, 12, 10,
The
equal divisions.
oil
bearings on
all
6, 5, 4, 3, or
have
lathes
oil holes
and
chambers in the bushings, covered by shields which exclude
chips
and dust and protect the operator from
flying
oil.
An
opening in the shield allows the bearing to be lubricated, and
by a
partial revolution closes the opening, confining the oil
where is
it is
needed, without the usual cup and
its
cover, which
continually being misplaced.
The headstock
is
in combination with
fastened to the bed
by a bolt
at
each end
wedges and screws, which makes
secure and easily attached or detached.
The
with hardened sliding spindle and bushings
;
it
very
tailstock is fitted
rear
end mounted
with hard rubber knob, and taper hole in front for centres, drill
chucks, &c. Fig. 65 shows a section of the bed adopted in
Fig. 65.
the Moseley lathe.
SECTION OF Lathe-bed.
It has central guiding surfaces,
which are
more correct in principle than to spread the guides to the outside.
The screw
for binding
T in rest is tapped
in
a
steel
lOo
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
LATHES. ring,
which can be
set in
107
any position, thus accommodating
all
workmen and all work. The sliding shoe has an arrangement by which it is held down on the bed to prevent chips and dust from collecting under, at the same time allowing it to move perfectly free. The lathes are fastened to bench by a heavy wood screw, leaving
all clear
below, or by bolt and thumb nut beneath the
The many calls for something at less cost has induced the make of a lathe without hardened bearings same perfection in all working parts. They are in style nearly the same as just bench.
—
described, the live mandrel or spindle running in anti-friction
metal bearings,
steel
work
the tail-stock spindle.
By
soft,
The
except mouth of live spindle and
pulley indexed
;
twenty-four holes.
new and expensive machine all head and and all other fixtures are made interchangeable,
the use of a
tail- stocks
every centre of exactly same height from bed, and perfectly central.
No
bed they
will always line correctly, thus obviating the necessity
matter which
way they may be placed upon
the
of purchasing a complete outfit at once, and permit of making additions at convenience. Fig. 67
Fig. 67.
shows a half-open
tail-stock.
Half-open Tail-stock,
away so
that spindles
passed through.
This
may be is
The upper
Fig. 68.
half is cut
Traverse Spindle.
laid in place, instead of being
very convenient
when a number of
spindles are to be used for drilling, tapping, counterboring,
chamfering, &c. Fig. 68 is a traverse spindle tail-stock
useful
for straight
;
I08
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
drilling.
Fig.
69 shows a very light-running spindle used for lapping, pivoting, jewel polishing,
any other kind of high speed.
74 shows a screw
Fig.
tail-stock useful for
heavy wor
The Universal Head, shown size
Fig. 71,
at
and
lights work requiring
has
the
half-
face-plate
only three-and-a-half inches diameter,
but by the use of two crescent-shaped
Fig. 69.
Light-running Spindle.
hold anything in size and
slots will
shape of watch-work, putting to shame heavy and clumsy
which can do no more. back end by rubber knob
The pump j
and
is
centre
is
tools,
operated from
used either with or without
a spring.
Jaws are held in position on face-plate by springs and fastened from the back, which is considered most desirable the jaws will pass the centre.
Fig. 70.
They
are compact in form
and
Screw Tail-stock.
pleasant to handle, while the clamps project the least possible distance above the work.
The Whitcomb lathe, manufactured by Watch Tool Company, is shown at Fig. 72. for this lathe that
it
embraces
all
the
American
It is
claimed
the improvements suggested
by the experience of the best watch repairers in America. studied to combine beauty with its lines have been
All
LATHES. Strength solidity
and convenience. which prevents
Whitcombe to
Its
size
vibration.
109
and proportions secure
The
production of the
lathe has increased from twenty-five lathes in 1874
two hundred and
in three sizes.
No.
The
eighty-five in 1881.
i
lathe is
has the bed seven seven-eights of an
inch long, and swings three one-eighths of an inch.
has the bed nine and three-quarters of an four inches. inch,
No.
made
2 has the
and swings four and
inch,
No. i|
and swings nearly
bed eleven and seven-eighths of an three-quarters of
an inch.
These
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
no
dimensions are only approximate, as the lathes are
made
to
shown
in
metric measurements.
Universal Head.
Each
lathe has a plain tail-stock
Fig. 73.
qualities are
made, a
one and a half lathe latter
about
J[,X2.
soft is,
and
with the
Fig. 72; the cost varies
hand-rest, as
size.
Also, two distinct
Universal Head,
and a hard
lathe.
for the former,
The
about
£,i,
price of the
and
for the
LATHES. Fig. 73
in
shows the Universal Head, which every watchmaker
Near the centre are shown three taper pumping centre
will easily identify.
peep-holes, through which the action of the
may be
This
observed.
a decided advantage.
is
of operating the clamps
is
similar to that
The method
adopted in Swiss
mandrels, though some improvements are claimed for
Screw Tail-stock.
Fig. 74,
Fig. 74
shown
is
a screw
in Fig. 72,
tail-stock,
and
Lepine Movements.
cocks.
made much heavier than the one
useful for heavy drilling.
— So called from
their originator
and
Their chief characteristics are extreme
principal manufacturer. flatness,
it.
and the wheels are invariably pivoted in bars and These improvements (?) were introduced in 1776,
before which time fusees were in vogue.
Lepine dispensed
with the fusee, the chain, and one plate.
Lever. receives pallets,
—The piece
its
and the
pallet staff
next the balance-staff
which
it
by which the balance of a
motion from the escapement.
is
is its
lever watch
It is fixed to the
centre of motion.
The end
forked to receive the ruby pin, to
gives the impulse derived from the action of the escape-
wheel teeth on the
pallets.
Lid Winding Watch. contrivances, in
— One of the forms of case winding
which the opening of the cover causes the
spring to be partially
wound
up.
Hunting cases are most
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
112
frequently adapted to this form of winding, but practical value,
and
is
Locking Faces.
it
has no
but very seldom found.
—These are the faces of the
pallets in all
kinds of escapements which lock the escape-wheel during the
supplementary arc of the balance.
Mainspring. barrel,
—A long ribbon of
steel,
which, coiled in the
The introduction may be
forms the motive power of watchwork.
of the mainspring in place of the weight formerly used
considered to mark the birth of watches or portable clocks. It
would appear
sixteenth century.
middle of the
that this occurred about the
The fusee was introduced almost
ously, as the inequalities of the mainsprings first
such as to render a fusee necessary.
Gut
lines
simultane-
produced were were originally
employed to transmit the power.
Mainspring Punch.
—A tool
for
punching holes through
mainsprings for the purpose of making the eye, or for making a hole to
affix
a hook.
The
Fig. 75.
sizes,
is fitted
made somewhat
Mainspring Punch.
like a pair of pliers, with the
One jaw
tool is usually
jaws about half an inch apart.
with punches, often three or four of different
and the other jaw has a
steel plate
with holes forming
dies.
Mainspring Winder. up
— This
a mainspring before puttmg
it
instrument in the barrel.
a brass frame carrying a shaft, which
winch handle, fitted with a ratchet shaft has a
nose
fitted
with a
and
hook
is
used to
coil
It consists of
may be turned with a click. One end of ihe
similar to a barrel arbor
;
MAINTAINING POWER. The
inner end of the mainspring
and the
shaft is turned
coiled, then the barrel
by is
is
the winch
put over
hooked on
till
to the nose,
the spring
The
it.
113
entirely
is
ratchet wheel has
Chucks for Mainspring Winder.
Fig. 77. .76.
Mainspking Winder.
angular teeth, and the click
is
may be wound either way. Maintaining Power. In
—
of the fusee
is
reversible,
so that the spring
fusee watches,
when
the arbor
turned by the key in winding in the direction
opposite to the force of the spring, the whole of this force
is
absorbed in the power expended in winding, and the fusee
is
turned ia the backward direction, and the train would go
backwards but
for the intervention of a contrivance called the
maintaining power.
Some
old verge watches are
still
met with
having no maiataining power, and which consequently run
backwards whilst being wound. sists
The
maintaining power con-
of a steel wheel, with ratchet-shaped teeth, on the arbor,
between the body and the fusee and the great wheel. steel
This
wheel carries the clicks which engage in the teeth of the
fusee-ratchet wheel,
by which the winding
great wheel has a hollow turned in
its
is
tion of a flat steel spring, called the maintaining
which
is
circular in form,
The
eifected.
thickness for the recep
power
spring,
one end being secured to the great
wheel, the other free end engaging with the steel ratchet wheel the action of this spring being restrained by a slot cut in the great wheel.
The power
of the mainspring
resistance of the maintaining
power
first
overcomes the
spring, and, having
drawn
this as far as the slot will allow, then causes the fusee to rotate. I
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
114
The
wheel
steel
prevented from turning in the direction
is
contrary to the one by which the great wheel communicates
motion to the centre pinion by means of the detent (which see), so
steel
when
that
wheel
is
power spring
the fusee arbor
is
turned by the key the
stopped by the detent, and the maintaining
exerts
The
keep the
sufficient duration to
action of this spring
and the mainspring allowed to is
again
is
of
train going for several minutes,
and each time that the power turning the fusee arbor is power spring
and
force in turning the great wheel,
its
keeping the watch going.
exert
wound up
its force,
the maintaining
The going
fully.
relaxed,
fusee, or
maintaining power, was invented by Harrison, the maker of the
chronometer which gained the Government award of ;^2o,ooo.
Going
barrels require
no such contrivance,
power of the mainspring
is
as in
winding the
no way taken from the periphery
in
of the barrel.
Mandrel. for holding
in jaws
is
a peculiar kind of lathe which
is
trade.
The
a watch movement by the
which always hold
mandrel
quite in
it
head-stock plate,
flat.
is
which
The
is
is
con-
arranged gripped
centre of the
furnished with a sliding cylindrical steel rod having a
pointed end. is
—This
watchmaking
fined to the
This point
desired to turn,
is
placed in the hole around which
and the
plate
Thus any hole may be made Figs. 37, 71
and 73
Minute Wheel.
to
clamped
is
it
in that position.
form the centre of the work.
illustrate the chief feature
of a mandrel.
— One of the motion wheels which transmits
the motion of the cannon-pinion to the hour-wheel.
Motion Wheels.
—The
set of wheels
which drive the hands,
comprising the cannon-pinion, the minute-wheel, and the hour wheel. carries
The cannon-pinion on
it
drives
the hour-wheel, which
the minute-wheel, so that both hour
is
the
minute-wheel,
and
driven by the pinion of
and minute hands revolve
from the same centre and in the same direction, the relative
PALLETS.
lis
velocity being always arranged in the gearing to produce twelve
The
turns of the cannon-pinion to one of the hour-wheel.
whole are also called the motion work.
Movement movements close
Holder.
—A
contrivance for holding watch
whilst they are being put together.
on the
pillar-plate
and grip
tightly,
it
they form part, forming a stand which
is
Three jaws
the frame of which
convenient for hand-
ling by.
Nippers.
— Cutting pHers used
for cutting wire
and many
other purposes, as nipping off the points of hands which are
Figs. 78, 79.
Nippers generally have the jaws parallel to the
too long. joint,
but sometimes they are
Oil
Cups.
— Receptacles
very small quantities of for the
Nippers.
oil,
made for oil
at
an angle with
Only
merely a few drops, are required
general purposes of oiling watch-work, and oil-cups
are used to contain
Oiler.
—A small
wire a handle.
It
it.
piece of fine brass, usually fitted into a
should be
filed
down, very
slightly flattened at the point, so as to take
quantity of
oil,
dial,
fine
and then
up a very minute
used for oiUng the watch.
Open Face Case. —Those the
it.
used on the bench.
so that the time
is
which have a
glass only over
seen without opening the case in
any way. Pallets.
—The parts on which
the escape-wheel teeth
fall.
That piece in a lever watch which embraces some of the escapewheel teeth, and translates the circular motion of the escapewheel, through the lever, into the vibratory motion of the
ii6
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
balance.
The
faces of the pallets are jewelled
wheel teeth come in contact. receive the impulse from pallets,
Those
escape-wheel are also called
the
and generally those
when the escape-
portions of a verge which
parts which perform analogous
functions in different escapements.
Pegwood.
—A
in
underwood known as wild cornal or
small
dogwood, and used
for cleaning the pivot
and other holes
watch-work in preference to other woods, owing to
remarkably free from stick
is
silex
and
pith.
its
being
For cleaning pivot holes a
pointed at one end like a pencil, except that less pains
make
are taken to are made,
the cone smooth and regular.
commencing
at
Three cuts
about half an inch from the end, so
The apex is inserted in the wood twirled in alternate
as to form a triangular pyramid.
hole to be cleaned, and the peg of directions
by the
and thumb, used
fingers
precisely
as in
actuating the screwdriver, except that the index finger assists
the middle and third fingers instead of resting on the top of the stick.
The
other end
sunk thus
The wood
oil-holes.
new and
the stick
cut off in three facets,
is
obtuse pyramid thus formed is
continually cut at both ends,
clean points are
is left,
and
made
till
becomes too short
it
simple process of cutting the
and the
used to clean out the counter-
is
wood
and
only an inch or so of for further use.
to a sharp point
is
The not to
be done without practice, as the extreme point of the pyramid must be very
fine,
and
still
used
first
in the smallest hole
finally the largest
and the process
Pendant. and
to
hole is
when
discoloration
case,
perfectly firm, so that
A freshly-sharpened
in the fine pivot holes.
is
till
is
the clean peg
can be got generally
is
and then through the
cleaned, before the peg
repeated
it
peg
larger,
till
resharpened fails
to
;
show
twirled in the holes.
—That part which
which the bow
contains the push piece,
is
is
soldered into the rim of the
attached.
The pendant
usually
by which pressure from the thumb
is
PIN communicated to the lock allows
it
VICE.
117
which releases the case and
spring,
to fly open.
Pendant Winder. — The mechanism watch to be wound from the pendant.
an arbor through the centre fluted button
The
enables a
of
pendant, and having a
of the
on the outer end.
which
It usually consists
inner end
is
connected
with wheels, to wind up the mainspring, and by pressing a
push
piece, or in
some cases the button
be actuated instead.
By adopting
trouble of providing a watch-key
is
this
itself,
not be opened for winding, and hence there
now provided with
Pendulum
Spring.
Pillar Plate.
—The
invariably the one
keyless
case need
chance of
better
class
mechanism (which
see).
plate in which the pillars are riveted,
next the
dial,
—
one end riveted into one of the at the other
less
the
all
— See "Balance Spring."
movement of a watch is based. Pillars. The columns, usually and
is
Most of the
dust getting to the movement.
watches are
The
avoided.
may
the hands
mechanism,
and on which the
entire
three or four, which have
plates, called the pillar-plate,
end a shoulder, against which the other or
top-plate rests, this latter plate being secured
longitudinally or pins put transversely.
keep the two plates
at a
by screws put
The
in
pillars serve to
uniform distance apart, and should be
of precisely equal length.
Pin Slide.
—A
tool
which answers the ordinary purpose of
Fig, 80.
Pin Slide.
a pin-vice, but has not such a tight grip. together
by a
Pin Vice. tive
The jaws
are held
sliding ring.
—This
tool
may be
considered as a very diminu-
form of the ordinary leg-bench
vice,
commonly used by
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
ii8
The pin
engineers and various other workers in metal.
vice is
usually about five inches in length, with jaws that are gener-
The tailed part forms a handle The name is probably derived from used chiefly for holding wire when
ally closed with a
winged
by which
is
the vice
held.
the fact that the vice
making pins
is
nut.
for various purposes, as
watch together.
The tail
or handle
Fig. 8i.
to receive
a supply of
is
pinning the plates of a generally bored through
Pin Vice.
and the pins are made on a
wire,
Pin vices are usualyl made of
block.
jaws, of the shape
common
to
most
steel,
filing
and some have
about three-quarters
vices,
of an inch wide, but more often they are " dog-nosed," only
about a quarter of an inch wide, the outer part being is
wanted
for holding pin wire.
There
all
groove in the middle of each jaw in which the wire
An
central.
expert
means of a pin vice of the
left
hand
whilst the
Pinion Gauge.
Fig. 82.
adjustable
workman can file, on very truly. The tool
—A
file is
that
generally a small
is
is
held
the filing block, is
rotated
by
by means
held in the right.
diminutive form of spring calliper
Pinion Gauge.
Fig. 83.
Height Gauge.
by means of a screw and milled
nut.
The
too
PIVOT DRILLS. bow compass,
resembles a draughtsman's spring
shaped
to suit gauging purposes.
every description of work
119
It is
used
with the leg
measuring
for
but especially for gauging the
;
length and diameter of pinions and other axes during the
process of turning.
Pinion Stake. holes through
formed so that
—A
may be
it
The
size.
stake
is
generally
held conveni-
commonly used lying on the T i In use, the pmion stake supports
it is
v
•1
of steel or brass having a series of
of the bench vice,
ently in the jaws
though
strip
graduating in
it
•
,_!
bench.
a pinion,
its
1
i.
Fig- 84.
Pinion Stake.
arbor passing through a hole of convenient
while the wheel
is
size,
riveted on, or a similar operation
being
performed.
Pivot Broaches.
—Very
small broaches shaped like the
ordinary kind, but often finer than
Pivot
Drills.
—Very
small
human
drills
Fig. 85.
ferrule
Pivot drill.
about a quarter of an inch in diameter.
is
shaped
like
a
as
those
for
the
drill,
and
pivots
of a steel
provided with a brass
about an inch-and-a-half long,
shaft
hair.
consisting
used to
is
of
the
drill
The end
very small holes, axes
smaller
in
watch
work.
—
Pivot Gauge. For gauging the diameters of pivots. The tool consists of two strips of steel riveted together at both ends with a tapering
slit
between them.
Pivot Polishing.
— Some
apparatus for this purpose are
fitted to lathes.
Fig.
It
86
used
rest, is
is
a pivot pohshing fixture to
for grinding or
also
useful
for
fit
on the
slide-
pohshing conical or straight pivots.
snailing
and
drilling.
The base
is
;
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
I20
graduated so that the spindle
may be
set
any required
at
angle.
Fig. 86.
Fig. 87
shows another
Pivot Polisher.
style of pivot polisher.
kinds of pivots, besides spotting, snailing and fastened to the
and
bed
as a slide-rest,
The
vertical adjustments.
ment
is
do
all
It is
and has graduated angular
illustration
shows the attach-
and the following are directions
half-size,
After the pivot
It will drilling.
for
its
use.
turned to a proper shape, put on the polisher
the spindle being parallel with the lathe-bed, and the lap to
Fig. 87.
the rear. for
Use a
square shoulders, or
shoulders.
smooth.
The
Pivot Polisher.
cast-iron lap
one having square corners
lap itself
must be
perfectly true
Fine oilstone powder and
should be used with the iron to shape, carefully clean
with a
first,
one with round corners
boxwood
lap
it
laps.
oil,
When
and uniformly
or No.
i
crocus,
the pivot
is
ground
and remove the iron
and No. 4 crocus.
for conical
lap.
Polish
POTENCE.
121
—
Pliers. These are well-known tools used in many trades. Those used for watchwork have some special features to adapt them to their special purposes. Long-nosed and short-nosed are varieties of the ordinary shape. Very long-nosed pliers
having slender jaws, an inch-and-a-half long, are called follower purpose being to mani-
pliers, their
pulate the follower of verge watches.
Snipe-nosed pliers have the outsides of the jaws roimded, and half round ^'S- 88.
inside pliers have the insides of the
Pliers,
jaws rounded, each serving the purpose of ordinary round-
nosed nosed
pliers for outside pliers
and
inside
work
Round-
respectively.
have their jaws round in section and usually
tapering.
Polishing Blocic.
—A box
holding polishing materials.
about four or forming a
with
oil, is
one next beneath
on which the polishing
kept.
it
consists of a series of
turned boxwood boxes, the upper ones
six
lid for the
iron siurface
with an arrangement for
fitted
Usually
A tier
it,
and having a bright
material,
made
glutinous
of such boxes should be furnished
with the various abrasive materials used in watch work.
Potence. balance
—The cock which forms the lower bearing of the
staff or verge.
It is
screwed to the upper plate, and
in the verge watch also forms the bearing for the front pivot of
the escape-pinion or swing wheel axis.
The
pivot holes of the
balance axis are invariably jewelled, and the endstone in the
potence
is
sometimes set in a
The potence
follower,
used
slip
This
tailed slide in the potence.
of brass, and is
in verge watches only,
ing of the back end of the escape-pinion.
a brass stud riveted
in the top
a dove-
fits
called the potence is
slip.
the bear-
It passes
through
plate, the hole for the
potence
follower being drilled parallel to the surface of the plate in a line with the swing-wheel pivot hole in the potence.
and
By
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
122
the adjustment of this follower, the depthing of the escape-
wheel with the verge
made
For
regulated.
is
purpose specially
this
with long slender jaws, are used ; these are called
pliers,
follower pliers.
Pump
Dividers.
The
or compasses.
—A somewhat
elaborate kind of dividers
may be
centre in the handle
protrude any required amount
;
that
pumps.
is, it
may be
The
other
by means of a
centre, or rather cutting point, is adjustable
screw, so that the distance apart
adjusted to
regulated to great
exactness.
Punches.
— Innumerable
punches are used for various pur-
Some have round
poses incidental to repairing watch work.
some
faces for closing holes,
are bored
up
and
for riveting,
others are variously shaped to suit particular purposes.
It is
scarcely feasible to attempt an enumeration of all the punches
even commonly used.
Sets are sold in boxes containing one,
two, or three dozen.
Raci< Lever.
—A peculiar old-fashioned lever escapement,
having the end of the lever cut with teeth, the balance axis being a pinion gearing into the segment. invention of the
Berthoud used keepers.
Abb^
this
Hautefeuille, in
It is said to
be the
1722, and that
F.
escapement in some of his marine time-
This form
is
now
obsolete, being
superseded by
the detached lever, but prior to the introduction of this rack levers
were made.
Two
kinds were used, one having an
ordinary train and another without a fourth wheel.
Ratchet. ally
made
—The wheel
of
steel,
in
which the click
acts.
teeth being cut angularly to receive the click, is
permitted only in one direction. is
English fusee
made
of brass,
by which motion
In some foreign watches
solid with the barrel
the ratchet wheel it is
It is gener-
having a square hole in the centre, the
arbor,
and secured
and
in the
to the base of
the fusee cone by two brass pins put in vertically.
RUBY Recoil Escapements.
—This
from the dead beat, inasmuch
backwards by the is
describing
pallet
class of
escapement
differs
wheel
driven
as the escape
supplementary arc
its
made
cannot be
123
when
;
concentric with
which the verge
its
is
of the
the face
axis the result
is
a
the only type usually
with.
Repeating Watches.
—These are made to
or wire gong the time as
shown by the hands
the repeating
or
is
pallet face during the time that the balance
recoil escapement, of
met
PIN.
moving a
movement
Some
by blows
indicated
is
strike the hours
on a
bell
to effect this
pressing a push piece
on the circumference of the
slide
running down, the time tioned.
wound up by
is
strike ;
and quarters
case, and,
as
on
above men-
only, others the
half quarters in addition, and others strike the minutes after
The
the hours and quarters.
object of a repeating watch
indicate the time in the dark, or to one
who
is
blind
;
is
to
but the
complicated nature of the mechanism necessary to produce a result
which
of comparatively
is
the cost too high to
Riveting Tool.
make
general value, renders
little
the use of repeaters extensive.
— This
is
a tool
made
ordinarily used for riveting, in such a
be applied
to the
Roller.
—The
duplex
staff,
work &c.,
and
is
is
may
for
is fitted
to a level
ruby pin.
rounding up
and shaping the teeth of wheels.
rather machine,
and
which
carries the
Rounding-up Tool. — Used equalising
that they
quite vertically.
circular steel collet
staff,
to hold the punches
manner
—that
The
tool,
is,
or
a kind of miniature wheel-cutting engine,
seldom found amongst the appliances of an ordinary
watch-jobber.
Ruby
Pin.
—The
pin in the roller of a lever staff which
acts in the fork of the lever
escapement. glass.
To
Ruby
pins are
and receives the impulse from the
commonly made of a
species of
tighten a ruby pin, set the ruby pin in asphaltum
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
124
varnish.
firmer
It will
become hard
and better than gum
Screwdrivers.
—These
implements used for watchwork
are generally cylindrical rods
The
inches in length.
of from three inches to four
shaft
is
though a lighter material, such as
more
desirable.
A collet is
work.
The
middle
finger,
a good grip
shaft
is
between which
is
are
it
is
its
In order to afford
rolled.
very like
the
The
shaft.
blades of
ordinary carpenter's
Sometimes they are solid with the is
kept up to
and thumb, pinion wire or some such
used to make the
corrugated material
times the shaft
is
turned round by means of the thumb and
these
bradawl.
put to the top end, to form a rest
by which the screwdriver
for the finger
screwdrivers
made of pinion some hard wood, is
frequently
wire,
for the index finger,
and be much
in a few minutes,
shellac, as generally used.
shaft,
and some-
arranged for interchangeable blades.
For
very small screws, such as jewel screws, the width of the blade is
about
one-fiftieth
The
of an inch.
wider than one-tenth of an inch. are all sizes.
largest blades are rarely
Between these
Three or four screwdrivers, of
limits there
different sizes,
are usually found on a well-ordered bench.
Screw-end Finisher.
— For the purpose of holding screws
so that their ends or points
Fig. go.
may be
Screw-end Finisher.
finished or polished.
Chucks for Screwend Finisher.
Fig. 91.
The same tool is used for holding seconds-hands cannons may be shortened.
Screw Extractor. — A
tool for
so that their
removing the threaded
part of screws, which are often broken off in holes. consists of a
U-shaped arm having through
its
The
tool
arms near to
the ends, two screws with their ends precisely opposite each
— SCRE W FERR ULES. The ends
Other.
they are
tightly against the
The two ends
Screw
Ferrules.
—A
obtained
when
other
particular kind of ferrule adapted
on to work to be mounted on the
Ordinary screw ferrules are made of diametrically
;
bow
works.
and are cut in two
steel,
the two halves are then held together by means
In the centre there
of screws.
The
turns.
has a groove in which the cord of the
ferrule
work
in diameter than the
is
a hole which must be smaller
be gripped.
to
slacking the screws the two halves
apart,
is
easily
fail.
for screwing
By
are screwed
broken screw, and thus a grip
which often enables the piece to be extracted
methods
25
of these screws are pointed somewhat, but
on the extreme end.
flat
1
and the work
is
On tightening
above mentioned.
come
placed in the hole the screws
the ferrule nips with a vice-like grip, and
runs sufficiently true
if
there
is
difference
between the
central hole
and that of the work.
not
diameter
much
of
p.
The two
'^
screw
ferrule.
the
halves are, however,
always more or less separated, and the edges cut and fray the cord.
Some screw
ferrules
— especially those for large work and three or four screws put
have a large hole in the
centre,
in radially, the points of
which pinch the work.
are
made
—used
all sizes
from about
for turning verges
quarters ot
heaviest
one-fifth of
and such
light
an inch diameter, which
work
that
is
usually
is
Screw ferrules
an inch in diameter
work
—to about three-
large
enough
for the
mounted on watchmakers'
turns.
Screw Head Tool. — Used for finishing the heads of screws used in watch work.
clamped
The
in the bench-vice,
the screws.
tool consists of a frame,
and several appliances
These appliances are
various purposes. sliding ring; their
Some
differently
which
shaped to
are very like pin vices actuated
purpose
is
to clip screws
is
for holding suit
by a
by the thread
THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.
126
whilst the heads are being operated upon.
Others are arranged
to hold the screws so that their points
polished. in
The frame
of the tool
is
may be shaped and
clamped
in the bench-vice
a slanting or nearly upright position, and the appliance
holding a screw
is
placed in the frame.
and
fingers of the left
it is
turned to and
which
tool,
is
By rabbing
fro.
The
right
hand holds a
By
of the frame.
this
means the
the heads of screws especially,
on the
file
or other
rested against a steel pin projecting from the top file
may be
brought to bear squarely on the screw head.
fitted
the palm
hand on the handle part of the appliance
steel pin.
These
flat
pieces called lapidaries are
lapidaries
specially prepared for polishing,
steadied and
For polishing
have surfaces of metal
and they are kept square
with the work by being fitted on the projecting steel pin.
Screw The
Plates.
— Used
for cutting the threads
screw-plates used in watchwork are the
and construction
to those
commonly used
in
same
on screws. in principle
many other trades.
For watchwork, however, only very small screws and spondingly small screw-plates are used.
Screws are
corre-
made by
machinery, and sold so cheaply that making them by hand
now an
obsolete custom, and only
form
required does the
tial.
is
The
is
when some screw of unusual use of a screw-plate become essen-
taps necessary for screwing the holes are usually
sold with machine-made screws.
Most of
the screw-plates
used in watchwork come from the Continent.
—
Self-Winding Watches. In these watches, a weighted lever, held up by a spring, is attached to a winding square in such a manner that on oscillating the lever the watch is wound, the the wearer
requisite is
walking.
motion being imparted during the time
Such a contrivance finds no favour in
practice, as the watch would
fail
to go through not being
wound should
for
a day, a circumstance of
it
remain
still
frequent occurrence from various causes.
Occasionally such
SLIDE RESTS. a watch
is
found, but generally in the cabinet of a collector of
The term
curios.
127
sometimes applied, though quite
is
erro-
neously, to keyless watches.
Sizes of Watches. large watches have lady's
watch
is
—
very doubtful
It is
been made, but
about a ten
size,
how small or how
in general use the small size
and the
large size gent's watch
a twenty-two
size.
limits of size in
com-
mon
watches both smaller or larger are made.
All
use, but
These represent the
Geneva watches
are sized
by
lent to "oSSS of
an inch
a watch size ten, that
diameter,
eighths of an inch;
lines,
a French measure equiva-
one twenty-two
and the measurement
The
case
ten lines in
is
inches in diameter, say seven-
The movements
inches in diameter.
ber of
'888
therefore
is
watch-plate.
;
lines,
size
is
'1954, say
are sized in even is
two
num-
the diameter of the
may be extended on
the edge to
make
a movement appear bigger, but the size would be determined
by the diameter of the watches are its size.
sized.
A number
pillar-plate, in the
The
showing the "lines
on watch movements under the Slide-Rests.
same way that English
thickness of a watch does not affect " is generally
punched
dial.
—These are used on
lathes for the purpose of
They to recommend a human hand. The construction may be seen The saddle slides along the to Figs. 93 and 94.
holding the tools firmly and guiding them definitely.
form a mechanical hand which has many points it
instead of
by
reference
bed, being actuated by a leading screw. three slides
;
the lower one
the line of centres,
and the
swivels so that the middle
work
set to
is
entire
and top
In Fig. 93 there are at right
angles to
upper part of the rest
slides
can be put at any
desired angle with the line of centres for turning conical. Fig.
94 the angular motion
of gripping the cutter
When
is
is
seen more clearly.
In
The method
somewhat noticeable.
using taper cutters remove the gib from under the
THE WATCH yOBBER'S HANDVBOOK.
128
eccentric elevator
and
let it rest
on the
which can be screwed up or down to
Fig. 93.
the cutter in position
collar, suit.
not on the post,
Then by holding
Slide-rest.
and turning the eccentric
of cutter can be brought to height desired.
Fig. 94.
elevator, point
When
using tools
Slide-rest.
remove the eccentric elevator and replace the by which the point of tool can be adjusted.
of square steel
lower gib,
Sliding Tongs.
—These
have a pair of jaws which are
held together by a link sliding on the handles.
made
They
tapering from the joint behind the jaws, so that
the link
is
close to the joint the jaws
are
when
open to receive any
SPUING OVER. By
object to be held in them. joint, the
jaws are
especially for
made
sliding the link
Figs. 95, 95.
away from the
Shding tongs are made
to grip.
some purposes, such
opening the holes to
129
as for holding hands whilst
Sliding Tongs.
For most ordinary purposes to which
fit.
sliding tongs are applicable, a pin-vice serves equally well.
Slitting Files. files,
used
— Small double-knife-edged or herring-bone
for slitting
Split Seconds.
heads of screws.
—This
is
a form of hands used for timing
Two
of short duration, such as races, &c.
events
hands,
invariably centre seconds, revolve one immediately over the
on pressing a
other, and,
stop-piece,
other continuing to revolve
on the push-piece
;
one hand
is
stopped, the
stopped by a second pressure
till
the difference in the time as indicated by the
two hands shows the interval that has elapsed between the two pressures on the stop-piece; a third pressure wUl set both
hands revolving again, which immediately on being released
resume
their original position
one over the
other, appearing as
a single hand.
Sprung Over, or Under, balance-spring relative to the spring
is
plate of the is
refers to the position of the
If sprung under,
the balance.
below the balance and the index
movement
;
when sprung above,
over the balance and the index
is fitted
lies flat
on the
the balance-spring
to the balance-cock.
All three-quarter-plate watches are sprung above.
Staff. staff
—A plain arbor forming an
of a watch, which
pivots
formed
at either
is
axis,
such as the balance
a plain cylindrical piece of
end
;
the axis of the lever
steel with
and
pallets
K
THE WA TCH JOBBER 'S HAND YBOOK.
I30 is
when undistinguished by an
also called a staff;
the balance-staff
is
are the short pins, often two
Steady Pins.— These
sometimes three, which project from the bottom several cocks
and
fit
is
and has nothing
its
to
cock
is
'^|f
§ z
concerned,
independently of the screw which simply holds firmly to the plate,
but
or foot of the
in holes in the plate, so that the
thereby held, so far as angular motion
ing
adjective
usually understood to be meant.
it
do with steady-
position otherwise.
Stem watches,
—
Winder. The usual form of which are wound from the pendant,
which a stem or
Mechanism
"
and
arbor "
keyless
through
(See " Keyless
passes.
Pendant Winder.")
Stepping Appliance.
— This
is
used on hollow
mandrel lathes to form a step when using any chuck.
The
from the
left
long rod. Fig. 97,
is
passed through
end of the mandrel, the part marked A,
being somewhat less in diameter than the work, inside the slit-chuck.
inside the mandrel. in the tail
"*
slit-
The The
collar,
7
..59
Hammers Breguet, A.
.
Centring Tool
Cleaning
. .
.
..64
for Jacot
..57 ..
Bone Bouchons
—
Wheel
.
Centres
Chamfers Chronograph Chronometer Chucks Clamps
Spring
. .
Centre Seconds
88 122 95 91 izi
.
Bow
Winding Watch Cement Chucks
..18
Bench
Boiling Bolt
52 74
..
97 115 63
Stake
BALANCE Compensation
60 60 61 61
..61
Steel
Bush
92
..52 lOj
PAGE Broach, Pivot Broken Spring Brushes Buff Sticks Bumping-up Stake Burnishers
,.
..
.,
..
72 10 73 73 73 73 74 69 75 37 75 75
-75 77
..,
.
.. . ... .
...
..
.
.,
.
INDEX
142
PAGE
PAGE Crossing Files
77
".75
Crownwheel
"5
Cups for Oil Curb Pins Cutter, Jewel Cutting Pliers
. .
.
Wheels
..
Cylinder Escapement
. .
. .
. .
77 100
..
77 137
77> ^7
Gauge
Follower Foot Wheel -
81
82 82 122 82 82 83 83 53 58
Diamentine Diamond Broaches
Pump
Dog .
Douzidme Gauge Drills .
Bows -
Pivot Stocks
.
.
.
Pinion Pivot Geneva Stop Glossing .. Going Barrel
.
..
..5.6 ..
.
,.
.
..
79
•
83
102 118 119 95 95 95
.. .
. ..
Graham, George
8,77, 88, go .. 95
Gravers Great Wheel .
31,95
Grey, Bright
.
.
Greying
.
..
Grinders,
Emery
..
Guard, Chain
..
85 87
.
Duplex Escapement
-AIRSPRING
H'
95 7
Hale, Peter
Half Plate Watches..
96 96 96 96
Hammers Thomas
.
.
10, 68, 74
59 81
Enamel Dial Endshakes Endstones
35
Engine, Wheel Cutting Enlarging Holes in Dials
Cylinder Dead Beat
86
Hautefeuille,
51
Holder, Movement Holes, Jewel
•
..
.
.
.
-Wheel Teeth.. Equation Watch
•
Examining
•
Extractor, Screw Eye-glass
Plate Chuck FACE Facing Tools
..
..
Screw
. .
, .
6, 7, 8, .
.
.
....
.
100 6g 51, 54, 8g 87 . .
4 . .
.
.
.
Wheel
INDEPENDENT Seconds
91 91 125
114
90, 122
115
Hollow Cone Chuck Hooke, Robert .. ,. Horizontal Escapement Horologes Hour Glasses
. .
..69
Index
. .
. .
. ,
.
. .
Indicating Sidereal and
3
g7 97 6
. . . .
97 97
Mean
Time
77 129
Slitting..
Filing Apparatus
•
•
Block Finger, Stop Finisher Screw End First Divisions of Time Fly _ Spring
.
.
Wheels
8, 9, 68,
.
Abb^
Hunting Cases Huyghens, Christian
..
.
Harrison, John
124 17,91
Ferrules
Crossing
123 37 91 14
..
.
Files,
77 79 80
19
104 97
Drills
138 81
•
Detached
Vice Hands, Removing Hard Lathe Hardening
.
.
.
Hand-Tongs
,.
Escapements Anchor
Recoil
60 95 86 66
ng
.
EARNSHAW, Edge Brass
94 94 94
Douzi^me
-
Dial Dial Wheels
Archimedian
--93 7,
Turning Arbor
Key
Depths Detached Escapement Detent
Double Bottom Cases
..
Fusees
.
Dividers,
58, 93 -
GALILEO Gauge, Cylinder
Clock Dead-beat Escapements Depthing Tool
93
•
-93
Frame Saw Frames Full Plate Watch
79
DE WYCK'S
93 93
Fork Fourth Wheel
. •
.
.
.
92 91 130 124 i
-92 93 93
Tool JACOT Jewel Holes Screwdrivers Jewelling Cutters
Rests Joint Pin
Pusher
. .
. . .
.
98 104 100 100 135 18 102
. .
..
..
. .
...
INDEX.
143
PAGE
KEY, BenchG^HS^
56 102
..
... .
;
;^;;
Keyless Mechanism
. .
.102
PAGE Pinion Stake Pivot, Broaches Drills
..
,.
..
..52
Gauge
L
AP Chnck
69
Lathes
103 105 iii
Bed Lepine Movements
Section..
Lever
..
m m
..
Escapement
. .
. .
i3) 87
Rack
122
Lid Winding Watch Xift
36 112
..
Locking Faces
Polishing Plain Arbor ,.
112 . .
..
..28
Material for Cleaning Brushes
112 28 112 113 25, 130 114 61 .
Replacing
Winder Maintaining Power Maltese Cross
Mandrel
Mean Day, A
..
.
.
1
.
Minute Wheel
114 114
.Motion Wheels
Work
. .
.
.
20
.
Movement Holder Lepine.,
-Mudge, Thomas.
.
m 115
,. .
.
..
..
.
Potence Preparing Chalk
.
Noisy Drop
Nuremberg Eggs
..
..
. .
.
77 56 53 6 121 119
.121 66 122 122
. .
,
Closing
Mainspring
.,
..
.
.
.
.-73 112
Purbach
7 102
Pusher, Joint
Lever RACK Ratchet
122 122 59 36
Rebushing Recoil
Escapements
123
Red-stufif
Repeating Watch Replacing Balance-staff Barrel Barrel Arbor
Pivots
115
Verge Riveting Tool Rod, Adjusting
6
•
Punch
1
78
.
.
Broken Spring Chain
Day NATURAL Nippers
.
. ,
Dividers
90
9)
.
.
Poising Tool, Balance Pocket Clocks .. Polishing Block Pivots
28
. .
Cleaning
Punch
117 121
Cutting
Pump
MAINSPRING Adjusting
rig
Plate, Pillar Pliers
Bow
91-95 . ,
- •
123 54
. .
. .
47 46
.,
..41 44, 65
. .
.
,
.
. .
..
..
..48 50 123
Roskell Oilers Oiling
H5 ..
..115
..
. .
115
.
PALLETS Pan, Boiling ..
Pendulum, Invention of
..
..116 .117
, .
.
Spring Pillar
Plate ..
.,
Ruby Steady Vice Pinion Cannon
Gauge
. .
.
,
..
..
..
5
117 117 117 55 yy 123
..117 130 117 63 118
••
Frame. Screw Chuck
End Finisher Extractor Ferrule ..
57 116
Pegwood
Winder
^5
115
Pendant
Slide
9 .
O AW, Bow
36 7
Oval Watches
Banking Curb
Rounding-up Tool Ruby Pin
123 123
30
Open Face Cases Opening of Pallets
Pin,
48 123
Roller
OIL Cups
119 119 119 ijg
..
• •
..
Head Tool Plates
Screwdrivers .. Seconds, Centre Split .
..
..
124 124 125 125 126 16, 100, 124 ,,
64 ..
..129
,,
..
131 126
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sunk
Self-Winding Watches Setting
40 70
Shoulder Chuck Sidereal Time , Sizes of Watches .
Slide, Pin
Tongs •
Rests
Slitting Files
..
59 93 69
i
127 117 12S 127 129
,
..
INDEX,
144
PAGB
PAGE Soft Lathe Solar Day Split
..
io6
. .
53 22 117
i
Arbor
Spring, to let
down
, .
.
Spring
Balance Breguet ^Fly
Over
Under Staff
Balance Stake, Case
Bumping Up Pinion,.
Verge
.
.
.,
..
.
. .
,
Stand Steady Pins
53 59 93 129 129 129 54 63 61 119 137 135
130
Appliance Sticks, Buff Stop Finger ..
130 60 130 130 130 47 139 73
..
..
..
Watch.. Straight Teeth Stretcher, Wheel Striking Watch ,
.
.
,
Supplementary Arc Sunk Seconds
.
.
..
. .
..
5
7» 72
Universal Chuck -
Head
110
Uprighting Tool
V
ERGE
13&
Escapement
36,87
Stake. Vice,
137
Bench
57 96 117
— Hand —
w
Pin
ATCH
Alarm
50
Calendar Case Winding
-
.
-
Clock Described Equation
.
10 ..
..91
Full Plate Half Plate
Independent Seconds
.,
Introduction of
..
2 36, i3r 131
Lid Winding Repeating
133 133
Self-winding Sizes of
. .
Swing Rests Wheel
129
Unequal
71
Work
57 I35 i7» i35
UNDERSPRUNG Drop
..130
Stem Winder Step Chucks
Sundials
Turning Collets Turns Tweezers Tycho-Brahe
Stop
..
..
in
..
..
.
Taxed
TAIL
Stocks..
Taper Mouth Chuck Taps Tempering •
. .
Drills
Third Wheel Three-quarter-plate
Timing Screws
Watch
..
.,
••
Stand Tightening Barrel Cover Ruby Pin
. .
.
, .
. .
. .
.
.
Depthing Facing Jacot Riveting
Rounding Up Screw Head
. .
Uprighting Tooth, Replacing Broken Tongs, Hand
Shding Traverse Spindle
. .
. .
,
.
70
133 134 84 134 .. 134 75) 134 135
Tompion, Thomas Tool, Centring Countersinking
Three-quarter-plate
Ill, 107, 108
..
. .
.
.
124 77
64 75
Contrate
Crown
75
Cutting
Engine
'
Dial Fly
— .
..
,.
, .
.
.
..
Motion.. Stretcher
.,
. .
93 93 38 95
Hour Minute
.
. . .
.
.. .,
,.
.
..
.
,.
..
.,
..
..
Swing Third
137 138 81
.
Fourth Gearing Great
77 80 91 98
"—
123 126 127 130 10 134
3
Wheel, Centre
65
97 114 114 139
13s
123 123 125 136 27
Wig- Wag Wild Cornel Winder, Mainsprin Pendant
96 128
Stem Wire Chucks Gauge
107, 108
..
Water Clocks
46
94 96 97 6
..
.
134
139 116 112 117 130 71
140
—
—
— —
Stationers'
Hall Court, London,
E.G.
Jamiary, 1887.
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MECHANICS AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. MecJianif's Worhsliop Companion,
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Contents _
—
—
,
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Also, The Indicator and Indicator Diagrams Various Memoranda for the Foundry and AVorkshnp— Rules for the Weight of
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Chain Cables, CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS.
Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron for Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c., &c. "With numerous Tables, Illustrations and Lithographic Drawings. By Thomas W. Traill, C.E., R.N. Folio, £2 2S. cloth, bevelled boards.
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Steain Boilers, A TREATISE ON
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struction,
:
Their Strength, Con-
By Robert Wilson C.E.
Fifth
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lamo, 6s. cloth. The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers." Engineer. " The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and we heartily recommend
* all
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to possess themselves of the
work,"
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Circular.
Boiler MaTcing,
THE BOILER'MAKER'S READY RECKONER.
With
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A
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Steam Engine, TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE plement on larged.
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The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Eighth Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth.
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THE PORTABLE ENGINE:
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A
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THE SAFE USE OF STEAM.
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Coal and Speed Tables, A POCKET BOOK OF COAL
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Gas Lighting, COMMON SENSE FOR GAS-USERS A :
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Locomotive-Engine Driving, LOCOMOTIVE-ENGINE DRIVING: A
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The EnffiueeVy Fireman, anil Engine-Boy. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and ENGIXE-BOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors, with a project for the establishment of Certificates of Qualification in the Running Service of Railways. By ^IicHAEL, Reynolds, M S.E. With numerous Illustrations and a fine Portrait of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, 45. 6rf. cloth. "From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more
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technical kind,
Stationary Engine Driving,
STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING: A
Pmctical Manual
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.
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useful one for the class for whom it is specially intended,"— 11 jt^iiieirri/ig: " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine, but all about it." £n£-t/ieer.
Continnons Railway JBrahes,
CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES: A
Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom; their Construction and Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables.
By Michael Reynolds. May be recommended
'
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Large crown 8vo,
who
gs. cloth.
desire to study tlie subject of continuous brakci."—
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Engine-Driving Life. ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE;
or, Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive-Engine Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. Ninth Thousand. Crown 8vo, 25. cloth. The book from first to last is perfectly fascinating. AA'ilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." North British Mail. " Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read Engine-Driving Life for himself; and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm and real love of the engine-drning profession will carry him on till he has read every page." Saturday Review, '
'
Companion for Enginemen, THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION, AND
Poclcet
PRACTICAL EDUCATOR FOR ENGINEMEN, BOILER ATTENDANTS AND MECHANICS. By Michael Reynolds, Mem, S. E., " Locomotive Engine-Driving,'' *' Stationary Engine-Driving," &c. With Forty-five lUustrafions and numerous Diagrams. Royal i8mo 3s. 6d., strongly bound in cloth for pocket wear. [Just published'
Author of
—
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ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING,
etc.
ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING,
etc.
Construction,
THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING An
Elementary Treatise on
.
By E. Wvndham Tarn, M.A., Architect. Revised, with 58 Engravings, Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth.
the Principles of Construction.
Second Edition, A very valuable book, which we
'
strongly recommend to all students." Buiidei: architectural student should be without this handbook of constructional knowledg-e. —.Irchiieci.
"No
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THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE
: Being a Text-Book of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors. Clerks of Works, &c., &c. By Frederick Rogers, Architect. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s.
cloth. "
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a text-book of useful information for architects, eng-ineers, surveyors, &:c., to find a handier or more complete little volume."— Sla/tdard.
"A young arcliitect could hardly have a better giiide-book,"
Drawing for Builders and Students tecture. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING, foy Builder and Young Student in Plates. 4to, /S. 6rf. boards.
it
would
Timber Trades yourtial.
i}t
ArcJii-
the
Operative
A rchitecture. By George Pvne. With
14
The Hoiise'Otvner-s Estimator, THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR;
or, What will Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair ? A Price Book adapted to the Use of Unprofessional People, as well as for the Architectural Surveyor and Builder, By the late James D. Simon, A.R.I.B.A. Edited and Revised by Francis T. W. Miller, A.R.I.B.A. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. it
' In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over. " A very handy book." English Mechanic,
'
Field.
Designing, Measuring^ and Valuing.
THE STUDENTS GUIDE to
PRACTICE
MEASUR-
the of Containing Directions Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants, and Copious Memoranda for the Valuation of Labour and Materials. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Originally edited by Edward Dobson, Architect. Fifth Edition, Revised, with considerable Additions, by E. Wyndham iTarn, M.A, Crown 8vo,
ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORKS. for taking
9s. cloth. " Well fulfils the promise of its title-pasfe, and we can thoroughly recommend it to the whose use it has been compiled. Mr. Tarn's additions and revisions have much increased the usefulness of the work, and have especially aujjmented its value to students." Jingineering. " This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been published," Buildutg Nevjs.
class for
Handhook of Sj^ deifications, THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS.
By
Professor
T. L. Donaldson, late P.R.I. B. A., &c. New Edition, In One large Vol., 8\o, with upwards of 1,000 pages of Text, and 33 Plates, ^i us. 6d, clotti.
—
—
CROSBY LOCKWOOD
lo
—— —
—
cS-
CO:S CATALOGUE.
Estimator.
JPocJcet
THE POCKET ESTIMA TOR for the BUILDING TRADES. By A. C. Beaton, Third Edition, carefully revised, 33 Woodcuts, leather waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. "Contains a g-ood deal of information not easily to be obtained from tlie ordinary price books. The prices given arc accurate, and up to date." Builig^ Ne7vs.
£
liuilder^s
Surveyor's Foclcet Techtiical Guide,
THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE AND MEASURER FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS.
By A. C. Beaton. 19 Woodcuts, leather, waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. handy pocket companion, thoroughly reliable." Builder's U'eekly Re-
Second Edition, with " An exceedingly porter.
Urichs and
Tiles,
THE PRACTICAL BRICK AND TILE BOOK.
Com-
I. ARudimentary Treatise on Brick and Tile Making, by Edward DoBsoN, A.I.C.E., M.I.B.A. II. The Rudiments of Practical Bricklaying, by Adam Hammond. III. Brickwork: A Practical Treatise on Bricklaying, Cutting and Setting, by F. Walker. i2mo, 6s. strongly half-bound.
prising:
IJnst Published.
CARPENTRY, TIMBER,
etc.
Trcdgold's Carpentry, Enlarged by E. W, Tarn,
THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. A
Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resistance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. With numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Timber fordiSerent purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By Thomas Tredgqld, C.E. Seventh Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged by E. Wyndham Tarn, M.A. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In one large Vol., 4to, price £1 5s. cloth. [_Ju&t published.
"
Ought
to
be
in
every architect's and every builder's
librarj'."
Builder.
"Tredgold's 'Elementary Principles of Carpentry' is, witliout doubt, the standard English authority upon the subject. Mr, Tarn, by supplementing the text of the author, adds much to the work, and makes it an indispensable addition to the library of the student, the archiBuilding A'civs. tect, and the engineer."
IFoodworking Machinery,
WOODWORKING MACHINERY
: Its Rise, Progress, and Illustrated with Examples of Recent Designs by leading French, and Atnerican Engineers. By M. Powis Bale, A.M. Inst. C.E., M.I.M.E. Large crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. " The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery ivc have seen. The
Construction.
English,
author
is
a thorough master of his subject."
Saw Mills, SAW MILLS:
Building Neivs.
Their Arrangement and Management, and the (Being a Companion Volume to the Inst. C.E., M.I.M.E. With numerous
Economical Conversion of Timber. above.) By M. Powis Bale, A.M.
Illustrations. Crown 8vo, I05, 6d. cloth. " We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise."
Builder,
—
CARPENTRY,
—
—
etc.;
— — —
MINING,
etc.
Carpenter^lng,
THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE.
Comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late Peter Nicholson's Standard Work. A New Edition,, revised by Arthur Ashpitel, F.S.A. Together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by George Pvne. With 74 Plates, 4to, £1 is. cloth.
Thnher Merchant's Companion, THE TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND BUILDER'S COMPANION.
Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from One to a Thousand Pieces, and the relative Price that each size bears per Lineal Foot to any given Price per Petersburg Standard Hundred the Price per Cube Foot of Square Timber to any given Price per Load of 50 Feet, ;
Also a variety of other valuable information. By William Dowsing, Timber Merchant. Third Edition, Revised and Corrected. &c., &c.
Crown We
8vo,
3s. cloth.
" are glad to see a third edition of these admirable tables, whicli for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing- to be desired." Tiffibcr Tj-ades journal.
JPractical
Timber ^lerchant.
THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT.
Being
a
Guide for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of Timber, &c. By W. Richardson. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth.
"To timber merchants t rated
or users this compact treatise will be found very useful."
filns-
Carpenter.
Tables for JPaching-Case MaJcers.
PACKING-CASE TABLES;
showing the number of Super-
ficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and upwards. By W. Richardson, Timber Bioker. Second Edition, Oblong
4to, 3s. 6d, cloth. " Will save much labour and calculation to makers and users of packing-cases." " Invaluable labour-savmg tables" Iror.moti^er.
Svj}erficial
Grocer,
Measureni eat.
THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEASUREMENT.
Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by i to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Builders, &c. By James Hawkings. Third Edition. Fcap., 3s. 6d. cloth.
Timber Merchants,
MINING AND MINING INDUSTRIES. Mining in the United BRITISH MINING A
ICingdo^n.
Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United Kingdom. By Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records Editor of " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 pp., with 230 Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, £3 35. cloth, :
;
"One of the most valuable works of reference of modem times. Mr. Hunt, as keeper of mining records of the United Kingdom, has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone.else, and has evidently made the most of them. The language and style adopted good, and the treatment of the various subjects laborious, conscientious, and scientific." are .
.
.
£ngineerin£: "
A mass of information
may be
not elsewhere available, and of the greatest value to those interested in our great mineral industries." Jingineer.
who
——
——
CROSBY LOCKWOOD
12
—
&-
CO.'S
—
CATALOGUE.
Coal (Old Iron,
THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, with Returns and its Distribution, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also an Account of the occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams; Analyses of each Variety and a History of the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture since the year 1740. By Richard Meade, Assistant Keeper of Mining Records. With Maps of the Coal Fields and Ironstone Deposits of the United Kingdom. 8vo, ^r 85. cloth. of their Produce
;
"The book l-.roiUiction,
and
is
in
one
must
wliicli
the iron,
steel,
find a place on the shelves of all interested in coal and and other metallurgical industries, " Engineer.
iron
and Mining, TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND
Metalliferous Minerals
MINING. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S., Mining Engineer, &c. Author of "A Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying." Illustrated with numerous Wood Engravings. Third Edition, carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. " As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real \alue, and it supplies an actual want, for no such information has hitherto been brought iiigccher within such limited space." Athe7ia:inn.
and Mining: A TREATISE ON EARTHY AND OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S. Uniform with, and forming a
JEarthy Minerals
Companion \'^olume to the same Author's "Metalliferous Minerals and Mining." With 76 Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6rf. cloth. '
It is essentially a practical work, intended primarily for the use of practical men. met with any English work on mining matters that contains the amount of information packed in equally convenient form." Academy. :
We do not remember to liave :^anie
.
.
I'rospecting,
THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK: A
Guide for the Prospector and Traveller in Search of Metal-bearing or other Valuable By J. W. Anderson, M. A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S. Second Edition, Revised. Small crown Svo, 3s. 6rf. cloth. [Just published. "This little work will be found, we think, to supply a much-felt want, especially among Colonises it will also afford aid to many others wiio possess a taste for geological research. The book is the best of its kind." lin^ ineer. Minerals.
;
Underground Pumping Maehinery. MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete
and Practical
Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Description of a large number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, &c., &c. By
Stephen Michell. "
It is
Svo, 15s. cloth.
a most valuable « ork, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam Colliery Cuardtaii.
pumping
machinery."
Coal Mining,
COAL AND COAL MINING: A
Rudimentary Treatise on. Warington W. Smvth, M.A., F.R.S., &c.. Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. lamo, 45. cloth boards. [Just published. 'By
" As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the principal methods of working, the book will doubtless inteiest a very large numlaer ot readers." Minitig Journal.
—
—
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, NAVIGATION,
—
13
etc.
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, NAVIGATION, etc. JPocTcet-JBooJc for Naval A^rchitects
£ Shi2:>huilders,
THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S POCKET-BOOK
of Formulis, Rules, and Tables, and Marine Engineer's and Surveyor's Handy Book of Reference. By Clement Mackrow, Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman, Third Edition, Revised. With numerous Diagrams, &c. Fcap,, 125. 6d. strongly
bound
in leather.
"Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design oF vessels. . Will be found to contain the most useful tables and formuhe required by shipbuilders, carefully collected from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form,".
"The
professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data that present themselves in the course of his work."
solving many of the numerous problems —orIron.
" There is scarcely a subject on which a naval architect or shipbuilder can require to refresh his memory which will not be found within the covers of Mr. Mackrow's book." En^^lish Jfechatiic.
PocJcet-JSooh for
Marine
Eitf/uieers,
A POCKET-BOOK OF USEFUL TABLES
MULA FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. Third Edition. Royal 32mo, leather,
A
"
most useful companion
to all
gilt
AND
FOR-
By Frank Proctor, A.I.N.A. edges, with strap,
marine engineers."— 6''?;):/cm'
4.5.
Serz'tce Gaze'.tc.
Marine Engines, &c, MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS A :
Treatise
on. By Robert Murray, C.E., Principal Officer to the Board of Trade for the East Coast of Scotland District. Eighth Edition, thoroughly
Revised, with considerable Additions, by the Author and by George Carlisle, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool, lamo, 55. cloth boards. "
vices,
As a compendious and useful guide to engineers of our mercantile and royal naval we should say it cannot be surpassed." Building jVcicj-.
ser-
Lir/htJiouses,
EUROPEAN LIGHTHOUSE SYSTEMS.
Being a Report
of Inspection made in 1873. By Major George H. Elliot, Corps of Engineers, U.S.A. Illustrated by 51 Engravings and 31 Woodcuts. 8vo, 21S. cloth.
of a
Tour
Xavigation (Practical), with Tables, PRACTICAL NAVIGATION, Consisting of
the Sailor's Sea-Book, by James Greenwood and W. H. Rosser together with the requisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, by Henry Law, C.E., and Professor J, R.Young. Illustrated, izmo, 7s. strongly half-bound. ;
The following books on Naval Architecture,
Rudimentary
MASTING, MAST-MAKING, By Robert Kipping, N.A,
SAILS
AND
published in
AND RIGGING OF
Fifteenth Edition. i2mo,
SAIL-MAKING.
with an Appendix.
etc. aj-e
Weale's
Sb:ries.
SHIPS.
2s. 6d. cloth
boards.
Eleventh Edition, Enlarged,
By Robert Kipping, N.A.
Illustrated.
i2mo, 3s.
cloth boards.
NA VAL ARCHITECTURE. Edition, with Plates and Diagrams.
By lamo,
James 4s. cloth
Peake. boards.
Fifth
——
—
CROSBY LOCKWOOD
14
&- CO.'S
CATALOGUE
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE. Dr. LAItDKEB'S HANDBOOKS OF NATURAL miLOSOFMY. **'^" The following five volumes, though each is complete in itself, and to be purchased separately, form A Complete Course of Natural Philosophy. It has been the author's aim to supply The style is studiously popular. Manuals for the Sttident, the Engineer, the Artisan, and the superior classes in
Schools.
THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. By Dionysius
Lard-
NER, D.C.L., formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy Enlarged and almost Rewritten by in University College, London. Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 378 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 6s. cloth. " Mr. Loe^vy has carefuUy revised the book, and brought it up to modern requirements."
— Nature.
AND
PNEUMATICS. The HANDBOOK of HYDROSTATICS By Dr. Lardner. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by Benjamin With Illustrations. Post 236 8vo, 5s. cloth, LoEWY, F.R.A.S. "For
those
who
desire to obtain
ai\
accurate knowledge of physical science without the this work is not merely intended, but well
profound methods of mathematical investigation, adapted." Chemical News.
THE HANDBOOK OF HEAT. By
Dr. Lardner.
Edited
and almost entirely Rewritten by Benjamin Loewv, F.R.A.S., &c.
117
Post Svo, 65. cloth. Illustrations. "The style is always clear and precise, and conveys instruction without leaving any cloudiness or lurking doubts behind."— if^/^/weeriV/^i-.
THE HANDBOOK OF Edition.
London.
OPTICS.
By
Dr. Lardner.
New
Edited by T. Olver Harding, B.A., of University College, With 298 Illustrations. Small Svo, 448 pages, 55. cloth.
*' Written by one of the ablest English trated."—JV/icAn^icJ' ATix^a^iMif.
scientific writers, beautifully
and elaborately
illus-
THE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND ACOUSTICS. By Carey Foster, "
Dr. Lardner. Ninth Thousand. Edited by George With 400 Illustrations. Small Svo.ss. cloth.
B.A., F.C.S.
could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and lucid style of Lardner, while correctin}j his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of scientific knowledge." Popular Science Revieio.
The book
Dr» Lardner^s Sandbook of Astronofny, THE HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. By Dionysius Lardner, D.C.L,, formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. Fourth Edition, Revised and Edited by Edwin Dunkin, F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenwich. With 38 Plates and upwards of 100 Woodcuts. In One Vol., small Svo, 550 pages, gs. 6d. cloth. "Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious a form— certainly none at the price at which this ib offered to the public"—
.^nd well-arranged ^It/tentBufn.
The
Bloivjiipe.
THE BLOWPIPE in CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieutenant Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 3s. 6rf. cloth,
GEOLOGY.
"The student who goes
conscientiously through the course of experimentation here laid
down will gain a better msight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if hb had 'got up any of the best text-books of the day, and passed any number of examinations in their contents." Chemical News. '
—
—
—
—
—
MATHEMATICS. GEOMETRY, TABLES,
—
—
15
etc.
ElectrU-iti/.
MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY:
A
Including Galvanism, and the Fourth
Magitetistn, Dia-Magnetism, Electro-Dynamics, Magno-EUctricity, Electric Telegraph. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Edition. With 500 Woodcuts. 8vo, £1 4s. cloth. " The accounts gfiven of electricity and galvanism arc not only complete in a sense, but, which is a rarer thin^, are popular and interesting." Lancet.
Tecct-JSooJc
scientific
of Electricity,
THE STUDENT 'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
F.C.S.
New
Edition, carefully Revised.
With an Introduction and Additional Chapters, by W. H. Preece, M.I.C.E., Vice-President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, &c. With 470 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. " We can recommend Dr. Noad's book for clear style, areat range of subject, a good index, and a plethora of woodcuts. Such a collection is indispensable." Aihenauin. " An admirable text-book for every student beginner or advanced — of electricity."
—
Engineering,
MATHEMA1!ICS, GEOMETRY, TABLES,
etc,
JPractical 3Iathe7nati€S,
MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN. mon-place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics.
Being a Com-
Designed chiefly for
the Use of Civil Engineers, Architects, and Surveyors. With an Appendix of copious Logarithmic and other Tables. By Olinthus Gregory, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Enlarged by Henry Law, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully Revised by J. R. Young, formerly Professor of Mathematics, Belfast College. With 13 Plates, 8vo, £1 is. cloth. " The encjineer or architect will here find ready to his hand rules for solving nearly every mathematical difficulty that may arise in his practice. The rules are in all cases explained by in which every step of the process is clearly worked out." Builder.
means of examples
Metrical Units and Systems, etc, MODERN METROLOGY A Manual of
: the Metrical Units and Systems of the Present Centitry. With an Appendix containing a proposed English System. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, A.M. Inst. C.E., Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," &c. Large crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth.
" For exhaustive tables of equivalent weights and measures of all sorts, and for clear demonstrations of the effects of the various systems that have been proposed or adopted, Mr. Jackson's treatise is without a rival." Academy.
The Metric System, A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES,
in which the British Standard Measures mid Weights are compared with those of the Metric By C. H. Dowling, C.E. System at present in Use on the Continent. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 8vo, ids. 6d. strongly bound.
" Their accuracy has been certified
by Professor
Airy, the Astronomer- Royal."
Bmlder.
Geometry for the Architect, Engineer, etc. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer
and
Giving Rules for the Delmeation and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures aud Curves. By E. W. Tarn, M.A., Architect. Second Edition. With Appendices on Diagrams of Strains and
Mechanic.
Isometrical Projection. With lyz Illustrations, demy 8vo, gs. cloth. " This is a manual for the practical man, whether architect, engineer, or mechanic. . object of the author being to avoid all abstruse formulae or complicated methods, and to enable persons with but a moderate knowledge of geometry to work out the problems required. Ensiish Mechanic.
The
'
—
—
i6
CROSBY LOCKWOOD
&• CO.'S
CATALOGUE.
Nwknber and Weight Calculator,
THE COMBINED NUMBER AND WEIGHT CALCULATOR.
Containing upwards of
Two Hundred and
Fifty
Thousand
separate Calculations showing at a glance the value at 421 different rates, ranging from ^V of a penny to 20s. each, or per cwt., and 3^20 per ton, of any Number of Articles consecutively, from 1-470. Any number ot cwts., qrs., and lbs., from i cwt. to 470 cwts. Any number of tons, cwts., qrs., and lbs., from i to 23^ tons. For the use of Accountants and Auditors, Railway Companies, Canal Companies, Shippers, Shipping Agents, General Carriers, &c., Ironfounders, Brass-founders, Metal Merchants, Iron Manufacturers, Ironmongers, Engineers, Machinists, Boiler Makers, Millwrights, Roofing, Bridge and Girder Makers, Colliery Proprietors, &c., Timber Merchants, Builders, Contractors, Architects, Surveyors, Auctioneers, Valuers, Brokers, Mill Owners and Manufacturers, Mill Furnishers, Merchants, and general Wholesale Tradesmen. By William Chadwick, Public Accountant. Imp. 8vo, 30s, strongly haH-
bound.
[.Just published.
Coiuprehensive IVeight Calculator,
THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR.
Being a Series of Tables
New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at One Reference the exact Value of any Weight from r lb. to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id. to i6Ss. per cwt., and containing 186,000 Direct Answers, which, with their Combinations, consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at sight), will afford an aggregate of 10,266,000 Answers ; the whole being calculated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By Henry Harben, Accountant, Shetfield, Author of "The Discount Guide." An entirely New Edition, carefully Revised. Royal 8vo, strongly half-bound, £1 55. " A practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally it is the best of the kind we have seen. We have frequently been asked if such a work as this could be obtained, and therefore refer to it with pleasure." Iro)unanger. upon a
;
Comprehensive Discount Guide. THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. Comprising
several Series of Tables for the use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, by which may be ascertained the exact Profit arising from any mode of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount or Advancing a Price, so as to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or more Discounts to which are added Tables of Profit or Advance from i\ to go per cent., Tables of Discount from i| to 98I per cent., and Tables of Commission, &c., from ^ to 10 per cent. By Henry Harben, Accountant, Author of "The Weight Calculator." New Edition, carefully Revised and Corrected. Demy 8vo, 544 pp., halfbound, ^i 5$. ;
"All these tables are well arranged and clearly printed and the collection will be found of great value in those businesses for which the book has been especially compiled." ;
Iron and Metal Trades^ Calculator. THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION.
Be-
ing a Calculator, containing a Series of Tables upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, for expeditiously ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by Weight, from is. per cwt. to 1125. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to one shilling per pound. Each Table extends irom one pound to 100 tons. To which are appended Rules on Decimals, Square and Cube Root, Mensuration of Superficies and Solids, &c. also Tables of Weights of Materials, and other Useful Memoranda. By Thomas Downie, Strongly bound in leather, 396 pp., gs. ;
"A most useful set of tables, and existed."— £«iVrfi«£- Ncifs.
will
supply a want, for nothing like them before
—
—
INDUSTRIAL
—
—
USEFUL ARTS.
A.
17
Iron Shipbuihhrs^ and Iron 3l€rchanfs' Tables, I RON. PL ATE WEIGHT TABLES: For Iron Shipbuilders, Engineers and Iron Merchants.
Containing the Calculated Weights of upwards of 150,000 different sizes of Iron Flates, from i foot by 6 in. by J in. to ID feet by 5 feet by i in. Worked out on the basis of 40 lbs. to the square foot of Iron of i inch in thickuesp. Carefully Compiled and thoroughly Revised by H. Burlinson and W. H. Simpson. Oblong 4to 25s. half-bound. " This work will be found of great utility. The authors have had niucli practical experience of what is wanting in making estimates and the use of the book will save much time m making elaborate aBXcnliXion?,." —KnffHi h Mechanic. ;
INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. I^lectro-Deposifion,
ELECTRO-DEPOSITION
:
A
Practical
Treatise on
the
Electrolysis of Gold, Silver. Copper, Nickel, and other Metals, and Alloys. With descriptions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto- and DynamoElectric Machines, Thermopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used in every department of the Art ; and several chapters on ElectroMetallurgy. By Alexander Watt, Author of ''Electro-Metallurgy," "The Art of Soap-making," &c., &c. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, nearly 600 pp., izs. 6d. cloth. [Just published.
Soap-maJiing.
THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING A
: Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, &c. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys, By Alexander Watt, Author of '* Electro-Metallurgy Practically Treated," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition, carefully
Crown
Revised. 8vo, gs. cloth. [Just published. " The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practical soapboiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." Chemical Ntius. "
Mr. Watt's book
is
literature in our language.
a void
in
a thoroughly practical treatise on an art wJiich has almost no We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill Nature.
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