Transcript
WRF Webcast 4459 Development of a Biofiltration Knowledge Base (#4459)
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALLwithout RIGHTSpermission. RESERVED. © 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized
No audio?
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration: Defining Benefits and Developing Utility Guidance By 2016, determine biofiltration effectiveness at removing contaminants, define benefits and communicate to key stakeholders, and provide utility guidance on optimizing biofiltration.
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration: Defining Benefits and Developing Utility Guidance • Funded Projects — 4459, Development of a Biofiltration Knowledge Base — 4496, Converting Conventional Filters to Biofilters — 4555, Optimizing Biofiltration for Various Source Water Quality — 4559, Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Chemical Contaminants Using Biofiltration
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WRF Webcast 4459 Development of a Biofiltration Knowledge Base (#4459)
© 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALLwithout RIGHTSpermission. RESERVED. © 2012 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized
Presenters • Jess Brown, Ph.D., PE – Carollo Engineers • Jason Carter, PE – ARCADIS US, Inc.
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Agenda • • • •
Biofiltration Project Objectives and Overview Biofiltration Survey and Knowledge Base Preliminary Results
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration is modified conventional granular media filtration
=
+ Chlorine Granular Media Filter
Biofilter
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration improves finished water quality and stability Disinfection Chlorine/ Chloramines
• ↓re-growth potential • ↓corrosion potential
Filter Influent
• ↓T&O • ↓DBPs • ↑residual stability • ↓Mn, Fe, NH3, CECs
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Project Objectives • Widely communicate the benefits of biofiltration • Capture approaches for mitigating negative impacts • Identify improvements for initial design and operation of biofiltration facilities • Frame opportunities for future research
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Project Overview Core Team Birmingham Water Works, AL Greenville, NC City of Aurora, CO Tampa Bay Water, FL Peel Region, Ontario, Canada Dallas Water Utilities, TX Arlington Utilities, TX Newport News Waterworks, VA Trinity River Authority, TX
• City of Tampa, FL
• City of Grand Forks, ND
• Passaic Valley Water Commission, NJ
• City of Santa Fe, NM
• City of El Paso, TX • Fairfax County, VA • Henrico County, VA • Milwaukee Water Works, MN • City of Vallejo, CA • Public Works and Natural Resources, CO
• Mohawk Valley Water Authority, NY • Greater Cincinnati Water Works, OH • City of Norman, OK • Hillsboro/Joint Water Commission, OR • City of Denton, TX
Southern Nevada Water Authority, NV
• Gwinnett County Dept of Water Resources, GA
• City of Fort Worth Water Department, TX • City of Waco, TX
Contributing Stakeholders
• Central Lake County Joint Action Water Agency, IL
• El Paso Water Utilities, TX
• Andover Water Treatment Plant, MA
• North Texas MWD, TX
• Town of High Level, AB, CAN • City of Chandler, AZ • City of Glendale, AZ • City of Peoria, AZ • City of Phoenix, AZ
• Halton Region, ON, CAN
• City of Ann Arbor, MI • Jackson County Utility Authority, MS • City of Fargo, ND © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Project Overview
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Project Overview Follow implementation process
Decision Making
Process Evaluation
Design
Operation and Maintenance
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Project Overview
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Presentation Poll Are you currently in any of the following phases of implementation? o o o o o
Decision Making Evaluation Design Operation No
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base Database Module Text
Numeric
Narrative
Time Series
Simple Analysis
Output Module
Input Module (Survey/User Interface)
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sign in Biofiltration Library
Case Studies
Reports
Survey Input © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Survey Web-based survey constructed around focus areas and implementation process • • • • • • • •
Captures facility information Decision making process information Evaluation and testing experience Design criteria Operation and maintenance practices Water quality and performance data Frequently asked questions Lessons learned
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Survey 5% Survey Participants Other Systems
95%
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biofiltration Knowledge Base
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Facility Information Participating facility details • • •
12 to 275 MGD 50,000 to >500,000 customers Geographically diverse o United States o Canada
• •
Variety of source water – lake, river, groundwater, blend Multiple application approaches o o o o o
Ozone enhanced high rate biofiltration Ozone enhanced direct biofiltration High rate biofiltration without ozone (non-GAC) Biologically active carbon filters High rate first stage biofiltration – GAC and membranes
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Facility Information Project Phase 6%
16%
Planning (5) Evaluation (0) Design (2) Operation (24)
77%
Method of Incorporation 8% 38%
Prevalence of Pre-Ozonation
4% 50%
8% Null (1) Retrofit (12) New Construction (9) Incidental (2)
4% Null (1)
25%
Ozone (15)
63%
Chlorine (6) Chloramines (2)
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Raw Water Quality Average Turbidity n = 15
<5 ntu
0%
20%
5 - 15 ntu
40%
15 - 30 ntu
60%
80%
100%
Average pH 6.5 - 7.0 s.u.
0%
20%
n = 15
7.0 - 7.5 s.u.
40%
7.5 - 8.0 s.u.
60%
>8.0 s.u.
80%
100%
Average Temperature 0 - 10 C
0%
20%
10 - 15 C
40%
n = 14
15 - 20 C
60%
>20 C
80%
100%
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Raw Water Quality Average TOC <2 mg/L
0%
20%
2 - 4 mg/L
n = 13
40%
4 - 6 mg/L
60%
>6 mg/L
80%
100%
Average Alkalinity <25 mg/L
0%
20%
25 - 50 mg/L
n = 15
40%
50 - 100 mg/L
60%
>100 mg/L
80%
100%
Average Total Manganese <0.05 mg/L
0%
20%
n = 11
0.05 - 0.1 mg/L
40%
0.1 - 0.15 mg/L
60%
80%
>0.15 mg/L
100%
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Presentation Poll What challenges have you addressed with biofiltration? o o o o o o
Taste and Odor Events Disinfection Byproduct Formation Distribution Regrowth Emerging Contaminants Metals (e.g., Fe, Mn) Not Applicable
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Planning Responses • Primary drivers for considering biofiltration o o o o o o o o o
Total organic carbon reduction Disinfection byproduct precursor reduction Distribution system water quality stability Manganese removal Taste and odor control Position for emerging contaminants HPC reduction Filter performance improvements Sustainable water treatment
• Limited regulatory guidelines or framework • Costs generally not considered in planning phase © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Evaluation Responses • Testing included bench, pilot, and full-scale phases • Duration ranged from 1 month to 2 years • Evaluation phase tests considered o o o o o
Empty bed contact time (EBCT) Loading conditions Media type and configuration Backwash conditions Nutrient addition trials
• Evaluation costs ranged from approximately $100,000 to $1.5 million depending on scale and duration
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Design Responses Filter Loading Rate 0 - 2.5 gpm/ft2
0%
n = 16
2.5 - 5.0 gpm/ft2
20%
40%
5.0 - 7.5 gpm/ft2
60%
7.5 - 10 gpm/ft2
80%
100%
Total Media Depth 0 - 24 inches
0%
20%
n = 20
25 - 48 inches
40%
48 - 72 inches
60%
>72 inches
80%
100%
Empty Bed Contact Time n = 10
0 - 5 mins
0%
20%
5 - 10 mins
40%
60%
10+ mins
80%
100%
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Design Responses • “Engineered biofiltration” o o
(e.g., nutrient addition)
29% are investigating or practice managed biofiltration 71% do not add nutrients or oxidants for optimization
• Backwash considerations o o o
Both air scour and surface wash provisions common High rate hydraulic wash rate from 11 to 22 gpm/sf Media expansion designed for 50% (20-50% typical)
• Underdrain configurations o o o o
Clay tile Low profile (plastic and stainless steel) Media retention plates Gravel © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Design Responses 5%
• Media management o o
Removal by vacuum extraction and water eduction Some no media change out
27% 45%
23%
GAC (6) GAC/Sand (5) Sand/Anthracite (10 Sand (1)
• Performance monitoring approach o Includes standard filter parameters – headloss, turbidity, particle counts, MIB/Geosmin o Occasionally TOC, AOC, aldehydes and ATP
• Overall system modifications for biofiltration o Discontinuation of pre-filter chlorine o Install measures to reduce sunlight exposure to control growth of unwanted biota, including filter covers or panels o Change media type and/or depth o Raise filter troughs © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Operation Responses • Acclimation 2 weeks to 6 months 77% no negative impacts following start up Moderate impacts included
o o o
Increased chlorine demand downstream of filter Shortened filter run times Increased growth of unwanted biota
Mitigation
o
KMnO4, H2O2 or chlorine to the filter influent Moved ammonia feed downstream of chlorine Manual cleaning of pre filter channels
• Intermittent Operation o Idled <2 weeks – backwash prior to placing on line o Idled >2 weeks – backwash, drain, backwash © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Operation Responses • Performance o o o o
Total Organic Carbon Removal – 10 to 25% Assimilable Organic Carbon – 70 to 90% MIB and Geosmin Removal – greater than 50% Disinfection Byproduct Formation Reduction – 20 to 50%
Average Filter Run Time <24 hours
0%
20%
24 - 48 hours
40%
48 - 72 hours
60%
>72 hours
80%
100%
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Preliminary Observations • Overall Implementation o o o o
Biofiltration is being used in varying applications Limited impacts to upstream or downstream processes Little consistency in implementation process Few regulatory guidelines or operating procedures
• Decision Making/Evaluation o Demonstration testing not often done o No standard framework for evaluating biofiltration o Costs or sustainability measures not usually captured
• Design/Operation o Biofilters are designed/operated as conventional filters based on optimizing physical-chemical processes o Use of “engineered biofiltration” is being considered © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Preliminary Observations • • • • •
Observed gaps Standardize biological treatment terminology Case studies with extensive water quality data Adequate capital and operational cost information Guidance for evaluation and implementation within various treatment schemes • Operating guidelines including biomass/media management, idling, and troubleshooting • Guidance for best use of monitoring technology
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Presentation Poll What do you see as the biggest challenges to implementing biofiltration? o o o o o
Full-scale Experience Regulatory Requirements Guidance Resources Operator Training None
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Next Steps • Roll out Knowledge Base to water industry • Development of Guidance Document o o o o o
Biofiltration Overview Planning Analyses Design Considerations Start-up and Operation of Biofiltration Facilities Existing Industry Knowledge Gaps
• Please participate as a utility contributor by contacting our team and completing a survey
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Acknowledgments • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Hsiao-wen Chen, Ph.D. – Water Research Foundation Eva Nieminski, Ph.D. – Utah Department of Environmental Quality Christine Owen – Tampa Bay Water Sam Perry, PE – Washington State Department of Health Patty Barron, PE – Birmingham Water Works Board Eric Wert, Ph.D., PE – Southern Nevada Water Authority Chance Lauderdale, Ph.D., PE – HDR, Inc. Trisha Brown – ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Devesh Sinha – ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Christina Fonseca, Ph.D., PE – Urban Systems LTD R. Scott Summers, Ph.D. – University of Colorado – Boulder Lut Raskin, Ph.D. – University of Michigan Peter Huck, Ph.D. – University of Waterloo © 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thank you
© 2013 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
