Www.hik-consulting.pl/edu Single Channel Ecg Telemetry St2359

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Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359 hik w. ww -co Learning Material Ver 1.1 .pl ing ult ns u /ed An ISO 9001:2008 company Save paper, save trees, save earth Dear User, We request you to use the Learning material in the CD form provided with this supply. ww Your this act will help to save paper. hik w. Please remember that each paper manual requires 50-100 sheets of paper -co on an average. ns ing ult Your CD learning material has colourful diagrams, .pl /ed plenty of theory, u detailed experiments with observation tables, frequently asked questions, etc. …….. and more so sometimes videos as well. - Scientech Eco Foundation ST2359 .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 3 ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359 Table of Contents Safety Instructions 6 2. Introduction 7 3. Features 8 4. Technical Specifications 9 5. Controls and Indicators 12 6. Mimic Diagram Explanation 12 7. Wireless Communication 15 8. Single Channel Telemetry 15 9. Multi-Channel Telemetry 10. w. 16 Human Cardio-Vascular System 18 11. Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) 22 12. Standards of ECG Leads Configuration used for Measurement 23 13. Interpretation of ECG Graph Paper 24 14. Operating Instructions 27 15. All Standard ECG Lead Diagrams 16. Single Channel ECG Telemetry Software 17. Experiments ww 1. ult ns -co hik 28 ing 30 .pl Experiment 1 Study of Lead I of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration 33 • Experiment 2 Study of Lead II of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration 34 • Experiment 3 Study of Lead III of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration 36 • Experiment 4 Study of aVR Lead of Standard Augmented Uni-polar Lead Configuration 38 • Experiment 5 Study of aVL Lead of Standard Augmented Uni-polar Lead Configuration 40 • Experiment 6 Study of aVF Lead of Standard Augmented Uni-polar Lead Configuration 42 • Experiment 7 Study of Chest Lead V1 of Standard Uni-polar Lead Configuration 44 u /ed • Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 4 ST2359 Experiment 8 Study of Chest Lead V2 of Standard Uni-polar Lead Configuration 46 • Experiment 9 Study of Chest Lead V3 of Standard Uni-polar Lead Configuration 48 • Experiment 10 Study of Chest Lead V4 of Standard Uni-polar Lead Configuration 50 • Experiment 11 Study of Chest Lead V5 of Standard Uni-polar Lead Configuration 52 • Experiment 12 Study of Chest Lead V6 of Standard Uni-polar Lead Configuration 54 • Experiment 13 Study of all the Standard ECG Lead (12 Leads) Unipolar and Bipolar Configuration Simultaneously 56 • Experiment 14 Study of Measurement of Normal Heart-Rate 57 • Experiment 15 Study of Abnormalities (Tachycardia, Bradycardia) present in Human Cardiovascular System 59 • Experiment 16 Study of Measurement of Real Time ECG Lead I Bipolar Configuration 61 • Experiment 17 Study of Measurement of Real Time ECG Lead II Bipolar Configuration ult 62 • Experiment 18 Study of Measurement of Real Time ECG Lead III Bipolar Configuration 63 Frequently Asked Questions Glossary of Human Cardiovascular System Warranty List of Accessories 64 71 72 72 ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. .pl ing 18. 19. 20. 21. • 5 ST2359 Safety Instructions Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the instrument. To avoid any personal injury or damage to the instrument or any product connected to it. Do not operate the instrument if suspect any damage to it. The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only. For your safety: : Use only the mains cord designed for this instrument. Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your country. Ground the Instrument : This instrument is grounded through the protective earth conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock the grounding conductor must be connected to the earth ground. Before making connections to the input terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly grounded. hik w. ww Use proper Mains cord Use only the proper Fuse -co Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and marks on the instrument. : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this instrument. 1. ns Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the manual. 2. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere. 3. Keep the product dust free, clean and dry. .pl ing ult Do not operate in wet / damp conditions. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 6 ST2359 Introduction Wireless Telemetry (Tele = Distance, Metery = Measurement) is used for examination of physiological data of subject under normal or abnormal condition without any discomfort or obstruction to the subject under investigation. Today wireless is used almost everywhere and devices are available to send audio, video, security, computer as well as human physiological data. In medical field wireless technology plays a very important role because this technology is totally free from wires and we are allowed to transmit and receive signal of interest over long distance. Doctors can examine and also provide treatments to the patient from anywhere in the world. ww Using Wireless telemetry, physiological signal can be obtained from swimmers, riders, athletes, pilots or labours. Telemetric surveillance is most convenient during transportation within the hospital area and for the continuous monitoring of the patients as well sent over world or clinic for check-up or therapy. .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry is designed in such a manner that, it is capable of transmitting ECG data of the subject (Human Body) up to the range of 90 meters in open place. At the receiving site ECG data is received on the receiver module which is connected to the computer and all the analysis of the signal is carried by the software program inside the computer. Software for ST2359 allows the user to make accurate analysis of the received signal. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 7 ST2359 Features • Provides amplified ECG output with P, Q, R, S, T, U waves • Inbuilt ECG Simulator and Real Time ECG Measurement System • Provides depth study of all Standard Unipolar and Bipolar Leads Configuration of ECG Measurement • Variable Heart-Rate Generation from 30-300 Heartbeats/Minute • Variable ECG amplitude 200mV – 4V DC • Every Systole indication is given by LED (visible) .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 8 ST2359 Technical Specifications Generating Range : 30-300 heartbeats/minute (Using simulator) ECG Amplitude Range : 200 mV- 4V DC Heartbeat Indication : Visible LED indication Bipolar Leads : Lead I, Lead II, Lead III Unipolar Leads : avR, avL, avF, Chest Leads (V1-V6) Operating Voltage : 5 volts Supply Current : 6 mA (Maximum) : 418.02 MHz Transmitter ww Transmit Frequency w. : 50 ohms Data Rate : 9600 bits/sec Receiver Operating Voltage : Supply Current : ns -co hik Expected Output Load Receive Frequency : 418.02 MHz Data Rate : 9600 bits/sec Settling Time : 10 ms (Maximum) Noise Bandwidth : 280 KHz Power Supply : 220/110V ±10%, 50Hz / 60Hz Dimensions (mm) : W 326 x D 252 x H 52 Weight : Transmitter : 1 Kg. (approx.) Receiver : 200gm. (approx.) 8 mA (Maximum) .pl ing ult u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 5 Volts 9 ST2359 Mimic Diagram ing ult ns -co hik w. ww .pl Figure 1 u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 10 ST2359 ult ns -co hik w. ww .pl ing Figure 2 u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 11 ST2359 Controls and Indicators • Power On/Off: Rocker switch for supplying power to the instrument • Mode Selection Switch: A rotatory switch is provided for selecting the particular lead of ECG • SW1, SW2: SW1 is used for selection of ECG leads which is divided into groups SW2 is used for the selection of ‘All Leads’ simultaneously. • On-board LED: • ww Each systole action of human heart is indicated by LED ECG Pulse-rate Adjust: w. Control used to adjust the rate of simulated ECG wave from 30 - 300 BPM Simulated ECG ECG Simulator: -co 1. hik Mimic Diagram Explanation 2. Lead Selection Switch: ult ns Inbuilt 12 Lead ECG Simulator which is capable of producing all standard Unipolar and Bipolar leads of ECG SW1: .pl 3. ing This switch is used for the selection of the particular unipolar or bipolar leads viz. Lead I, II, III, avR, avL, avF, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 4. SW2: u /ed SW1 is used for the selection of both unipolar and bipolar leads depending on their ‘On/Off’ action. OFF for Lead I, II, III, avR, avL, avF and ON for V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 SW2 is used for the selection of the all lead simultaneously. When this switch is ON then all leads waveforms will come one by one at all lead test point. When this switch is OFF then only selected waveform from Lead Selection Switch will come. 5. Amplitude Adjustment: A variable Potentiometer is given for the amplitude adjustment of the output of the simulated ECG signal. 6. Pulse Rate Adjustment: A variable Potentiometer is given for the adjustment of Pulse Rate of the simulated ECG signal. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 12 ST2359 Real Time ECG Measurement: 1. Input From Electrodes : ECG output extracted from the body of subject (Human Body) with the help of Clamp electrodes. The electrode is connected to the 5 pin Din connector. 2. Pre-amplifier : This section consist of a non-inverting amplifier and used for the amplification of the signal from the electrodes. 3. Filter: A low pass filter having cut off frequency 20 Hz is used here for removing noise and motion artefacts coming from the body. Main-amplifier: ww 4. .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. Filtered ECG signal are further amplified by main amplifier for getting a desired level of ECG amplitude. Main amplifier is made up of non-inverting amplifier configuration of Op-amp. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 13 ST2359 Wireless Transmission of ECG Data: For the transmission of ECG data through wireless, analog amplified ECG signals from the main amplifier is converted into digital data format by ADC 0804. The digital data of ADC 0804 are fed to microcontroller AT89c51/52 for the further processing and formatting of the data. Controller is programmed in such a manner that it will produce output in the form of serial extreme. Serial data output from the controller is CMOS level compatible. MAX232 IC is used for the level conversion according to the compatibility of the transmitter module with PC. RF Transmitter: RF Receiver: -co hik w. ww Serial data output from the controller is transmitted by the RF Transmitter module up to the distance of 100 meters at 9600 baud rate. In the module, logic ‘0’ is represented by the absence of carrier and logic ‘1’ is represented by the presence of carrier. This method offers design simplicity, low average power consumption and near zero power consumption during standby. The transmitter is very stable over time, temperature and physical shock because of the precision SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) device that is incorporated as its frequency reference. Due to this accuracy and the high Q of the SAW device most of the output power is concentrated in a narrow bandwidth. ing ult ns RF Receiver module receives the data at 9600 baud rate, when combined with the RF Transmitter. Receiver module is designed to recover data using the CW method in which logic ‘0’ is represented by the absence of carrier and logic ‘1’ is represented by the presence of carrier. The receiver utilizes an advanced signal conversion super-heterodyne design which incorporates SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) device, high IF frequency and multilayer ceramic filters. This receive data is off CMOS logic level while PC has TTL level of serial interface, so there is need of conversion of logic voltage level. .pl u /ed MAX232 IC is used here for the logic level convertor. This converted data is compatible for the PC and displayed by the S/W provided along with the ST2359 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 14 ST2359 Wireless Communication The term Wireless is normally used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is accomplished without the use of a "hard wired" connection or we can say wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or wires. The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear the term is often simply shortened to wireless. ww It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two way Radios, Cellular Telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and Wireless Networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, Garage Door Openers, Garage Doors, Wireless Computer, Mice and Keyboards, Satellite Television and Cordless Telephones. -co hik w. Wireless operations permit services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g., radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. Radio Frequency (RF), Infrared Light, LASER Light, Visible Light, Acoustic Energy, etc.) to transfer information without the indulging wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances. ns Single Channel Telemetry ing ult In a majority of the situation required during monitoring the patient by Wireless Telemetry, the parameter which is most commonly studied is the Electrocardiogram (ECG). It is known that the display of the ECG and cardiac rate gives sufficient information on the loading of the cardiovascular system of the active subjects. For distortion free transmission of ECG, the following requirements must be met. .pl The subject should be able to carry on with his normal activities whilst carrying the instruments without the slightest discomfort. He should be able to forget their presence after a few minutes of the application of the instruments. • Motion artefacts and muscles potential interference should be kept at minimum. • If system is battery powered then it should be long enough so that a complete experimental procedure may be carried out. • While monitoring paced patient for ECG through telemetry, it is necessary to reduce pacemaker pulses. The amplitude of pacemaker pulses can be as large as 80 mV as compared to 1-2 mV, which is typical of the ECG. • Some ECG telemetry system operates in the 450-470 MHz band, which is well suited for transmission within a hospital and has the added advantage of having a large number of channels available. u /ed • Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 15 ST2359 ns -co hik w. ww ult Figure 3 ing Basic Block Diagram of Single Channel ECG Telemetry Multi-Channel Telemetry .pl Medical measuring problems often involve the simultaneous transmission of several parameters. For this type of application, a Multi-channel Telemetry system is employed. Multi-channel Telemetry is particularly useful in athletic training program as it offers the possibility of simultaneously surveying several physiological parameter of the person being monitored. u /ed With appropriate pre-amplifiers, the multi-channel system permits the transmission of the following parameter simultaneously depending upon the number of channels required, ECG and Heart rate, Respiration rate, Temperature, Intra-vascular and Intra-cardiac blood pressure. For Multi-channel Radio Telemetry, various channels of information are combined into a single channel. This technique is called Multiplexing. There are two basic methods of Multiplexing. 1. Frequency-Division Multiplexing 2. Time-Division Multiplexing Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 16 ST2359 • Obstetrical Telemetry System: There has been a great deal of interest to provide greater freedom to patient during labour while the patient is continuously monitored through wireless link. Thus, from the central location, it is possible to maintain a continuous surveillance of cardio-tocogram record of several ambulatory systems. • Implantable Telemetry System: ww Implantable Telemetry System allows the measurement of multiple physiological variables over long period of time without any attachment of wires. All the wireless sensors are implanted inside the body. Single channel or multichannel systems has been used successfully to monitor ECG, EEG, Blood pressure, Blood flow temperature etc. Telemedicine: hik • w. The telemetry transmitters most often have to be made as small as possible so that they do not cause any disturbance to the subject under investigation. ns -co Telemedicine is the application of telecommunication and computer technology to deliver health care from one location to another. In other worlds telemedicine involves the use of modern information technology to deliver timely health service. Telemedicine involves the following applications fields. Tele-radiology: Radiological images such as X-ray, CT or MRI images can be transferred from one location to another location for expert interpretation and conclusion. 2. Tele-pathology: To obtain an expert opinion on the microscopic images of pathology slides and biopsy report from specialist. 3. Tele-cardiology: related to the transmission of ECG, Echocardiography, colour Doppler, etc. 4. Tele-education: Delivery of medical education programs to the physician and the paramedics located at smaller towns that are professionally isolated from major medical centres. .pl ing ult 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 17 ST2359 Human Cardio-Vascular System The Anatomy of the Human Heart: The heart is basically a hollow muscular pump, which pumps the blood through out the body via the blood vessels. It is located between the lungs and slightly to the left of centre. The heart is an involuntary muscle that has approximately seventy to ninety contractions per minute during a restful state. It begins to pump early in the life of a foetus and will continue unceasingly until death. Heart Walls: The heart wall is divided into three layers: Pericardium • Myocardium • Endocardium Heart Chambers: w. ww • -co hik The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in turn divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called Atria and the lower two chambers are called Ventricles. Valves allow blood to flow in one direction between the chambers of the heart. The heart has four distinct chambers: ns Right Atrium is the thin-walled area that receives the venous or "used" blood returning to the body by the veins. 2. Right Ventricle is the "pump" area of the heart's right side. The atrium dumps the blood into the ventricle where it is then pumped out to the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs. 3. Left Atrium receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs. 4. Left Ventricle has the thickest walls of all. It is from this chamber the blood is pumped out of the heart, into the aorta and out to the rest of the body. .pl ing ult 1. u /ed Heart Valves: 1. Tricuspid valve is the one located at the entrance of the right ventricle. It prevents the blood from bustling back into the right atrium. 2. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. 3. Mitral valve is made of very heavy cusps and is located at the entrance of the left ventricle. This is a powerful valve that closes as the left ventricle begins each of its contractions to ensure the oxygenated blood does not re-enter the left atrium. 4. Aortic valve is located, as its name would imply, between the left ventricle's exit and the aorta itself. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 18 ST2359 Even though the heart is split up into two distinct halves, these two must work together to function properly. hik w. ww Human Heart -co Heart as a Pump: Figure 4 ns .pl ing ult Blood from the body that enters the right side of the heart contains carbon dioxide, a gaseous waste, the cells produce in creating energy. Blood enters the right atrium through the Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava. The atrium fills with blood and then contracts, squeezing the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. After the ventricle is filled, pressure forces the tricuspid valve to close and the pulmonic valve, leading to the pulmonary artery, to open. The ventricle contracts and the blood gush through the pulmonary artery and into the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is filtered from the blood and oxygen is added. The oxygenated blood then flows through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart. /ed u Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters and fills the left atrium. The atrium then contracts, which squeezes the blood through the Mitral valve into the left ventricle. After blood fills the ventricle, the Mitral valve closes and the Aortic valve opens. Blood pours into the aorta and flows through arteries to the body tissues. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 19 ST2359 -co hik w. ww Heart as a Pump Figure 5 ing ult ns Either sides of the heart pumps blood at the same time. As the right ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the lungs, the left ventricle contracts and squeezes blood out to the body. The heart's cycle of activity has two periods, systole and diastole. Systole occurs when the ventricles contract, and diastole when they relax. One complete pair contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle makes up one heartbeat. The heart-rate is a rate at which the heart beats per minute. .pl The Heart's Conduction System: Sinoatrial node (SA node) 2. Inter-nodal fibre bundles 3. Atrioventricular node (AV node) 4. Atrioventricular bundle u 1. /ed There are four basic components to the heart's conduction system. In the right top corner of the heart there is a special group of excitable cells, called Natural Pacemaker or Sinoatrial Node. This natural pacemaker generates electrical impulses spontaneously. At the lower part of the right atrium there is another mass of specialized group of cells called Atrioventricular Node. From the Atrioventricular Node a bundle of conducting fibbers called Bundle of His, passes down to interventricular septum. A natural pacemaker generates electrical impulses at regular rate. To initiate the heartbeat the action potentials generated by the natural pacemaker or SA node gets propagated in Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 20 ST2359 all directions along the surface of both atria and Atrioventricular Node. This spreads through out the right and left atrium, their wall tissues and results into contraction of atria. Now the waveform reaches to the AV node through special nerve fibres which provide the delay in propagation so as to have proper timing between the pumping action of atrium and ventricles. During the delay time the atria completes their contraction forcing blood into ventricles in order to complete their filling. At this point AV node initiates an impulse that gets propagated into the ventricles throughout bundles of his then into left and right bundle branch and further into purkinje fibres causing contraction of both the ventricles and forcing blood into lungs and the whole body. During the contraction of ventricles the atria complete their filling and to initiate the next heart beat a pacemaker generates another electrical impulse. .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww With the natural pacemaker providing the impulse, the rate of contraction of the heart is maintained and controlled. Normally this action occurs for 60-100 times in a minute, when additional blood is required, the flow must be increased. This is achieved by generating the impulse at faster rate by natural pacemaker. u /ed Heart Conduction System Figure 6 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 21 ST2359 Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) As the heart undergoes depolarization and repolarization, the electrical currents that are generated and spread not only within the heart, but also through out the body. This electrical activity generated by the heart can be measured by an array of electrodes placed on the body surface. The recorded tracing is called an Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). A "typical" ECG tracing is shown below. The different waves that comprise the ECG represent the sequence of depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. The P wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node throughout the atria, and is usually 0.08 to 0.1 seconds (80-100 ms) in duration. .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww Standard ECG Wave /ed Figure 7 u The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. The duration of the QRS complex is normally 0.06 to 0.1 seconds. This relatively short duration indicates that ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly. The T wave represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than depolarization (i.e., conduction of the repolarization wave is slower than the wave of depolarization). Typically the total time required for one complete cycle of the heart electrical activity ranges from approximately 0.4 to 0.6 second while 0.8 seconds is the standard value of one complete heart cycle. The remaining 0.2 second either include U wave or it does not. This U wave represents the state of heart when all four chambers of heart receive the blood generally this wave is not present in the normal ECG graph. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 22 ST2359 A healthy ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm. This is when each depolarization of the cardiac conduction system creates a P wave, followed by a QRS complex, followed by a T wave. During a normal sinus rhythm, the atria are contracting first (around the time of the P wave), and the ventricles contract second (around the time of the QRS complex). Ventricular relaxation occurs around the time of the T wave. The Heart-rate is a rate at which the heart beats per minute. It is controlled by the frequency at which the natural pacemaker generates electrical pulses. However cardiac and vagus nerves of the sympathetic systems and parasympathetic systems causes the heart-rate to increase or decrease respectively according to body requirements. When measured using heart-sounds or ECG it is called heart-rate. ww A person's physiological size largely determines a person's resting heart rate. The aged a person is, the slower the heart rate. A newborn baby's heart beats about 120 times per minute. The typical rate for adults is 72 beats per minute. But doctors consider resting rates from 60 to 100 beats per minute within the normal range (normal sinus rhythm). w. A slower rate than normal sinus rhythm is called Bradycardia. A higher rate than normal sinus rhythm is called Tachycardia. hik Standards of ECG Leads Configuration used for measurement ns -co The voltage generated by the pumping action of the heart is actually a vector whose magnitude, as well as spatial orientation, changes with time. Because the ECG signal is measured from electrodes applied to the surface of the body, the waveform of this signal is very dependent on the placement of electrodes. • Augmented Limb Leads (Unipolar) • Chest Leads (Unipolar) Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. u Limb Leads (Bipolar) /ed • .pl ing ult To record the ECG pattern of a subject (human body) it is necessary to apply ECG metal electrodes to the patient's limbs in special formats called Leads, on each Arm and Leg, and six electrodes are placed at defined locations on the chest. These electrode Leads are connected to a device that measures potential differences between selected electrodes to produce the characteristic electro-cardio-graphic tracings. 23 ST2359 Interpretation of ECG Graph Paper .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww Morphology of P wave: Amplitude : 0.25mV Duration : 0.12 - 0.2 sec. Represents : Atrial Depolarization The P wave in general should not be more than 1 box wide or 1 box tall. If it exceeds these, it generally means that either or both atria is enlarged (hypertrophied). The best lead to look at the P wave is V1. In lead V1, the following characteristics indicate pathology Positive deflection greater than 1 box wide or 1 box in height indicates right atrial hypertrophy Total P wave duration greater than 0.12 sec and negative deflection of P wave greater than 1 box wide or 1 box in depth indicates left atrial hypertrophy. PR-Interval: Duration: 180-220 m sec The distance from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of Q wave is a period from beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization. PR-segment: Duration: 0.01 sec (approximately) It is the distance from end of the P wave and beginning of Q wave. Morphology of Q wave: Amplitude : 0.2 mV Duration : 0.08 Sec. Represents : Depolarization of the septum Normal Q waves are small, less than 1 mm deep or wide and one fourth the height of their R wave. Pathological Q waves usually develop when ST segments are elevated and appear several hours or days after the clinical manifestations of the Myocardial Infarction. Abnormal Q is one Small Square (0.04 sec) wide and greater than one-third of QRS height in Lead III. Myocardial infarction causes pathological Q waves over the affected area of the ventricle. The age of the infarction can be determined. If only Q wave is present without elevated ST segment then it indicates old infarction while if ST segment is there (with or without T wave inversion) then it indicates acute infraction. Q waves with inverted T wave may indicate undetermined age. Morphology of R Wave: Amplitude : 1mV Duration : 0.9 Sec Represents : Ventricular Depolarization R wave is the largest wave of the ECG graph and it is always above isoelectric line, No such thing as a "negative R-wave" u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 24 ST2359 Morphology of S wave: Amplitude : 0.4 - 0.5 mV Duration : 0.09 Sec Represents : Ventricular Depolarization Sharp downward turned back to isoelectric point. The S wave may go slightly negative before turn back to isoelectric line. QRS Complex: Amplitude : 1.5 mV Duration : 30-100 m sec Represents : Repolarization of ventricle ww w. Atrial repolarization is also marked by QRS-complex. Repolarization occurs in opposite direction of Depolarization but the vector still points in the same direction because the change in voltage also has an opposite sign. hik ST-Segment: -co Short segment from end of S wave to beginning of T wave and has duration of about 0.07 sec. Morphology of T Wave: ns : 0.1 - 0.5 mV Duration : 0.16 - 0.27 Sec. Represents : Ventricular Repolarization ing ult Amplitude Normal T waves are in the same direction as their complex, wave is asymmetrical and .pl It peaks toward the end, instead of the middle. Normal T wave in frontal plan is about 5 mm and in precordial plane 10 mm tall. /ed ST-Interval: u Period from end of S wave to end of T wave and has the duration of about 0.20 - 0.27 m sec. QT-Interval: It is the interval from beginning of Q wave to end of T wave, or we can say this is the period from beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of repolarization. It has the duration of about 0.26 - 0.49 m sec. RR-Interval: This is the distance between QRS-complexes. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 25 ST2359 Morphology of U Wave: Amplitude : 0.15 mV Duration : 0.1 Sec Represents : May indicate hypokalemia .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 26 ST2359 Operating Instructions While studying different Leads Configuration, the connections should be correct with respect to selected Leads Configuration using lead selection switch. 2. Adjust the ECG amplitude and pulse rate for observing the wave properly. 3. SW 1 should be ‘OFF’ for Lead I, II, III, avR, avL and avF measurements and it should be ‘ON’ for the all chest lead (V1-V6) measurements and SW 2 should be ‘OFF’ for both cases. 4. SW 2 should be ‘ON’ despite of the location of the SW 1 for the measurement of all 12 standards leads simultaneously. 5. During measurement of 12 Lead simultaneously, simulator produces each ECG waveform twice. 6. Wave shape which is displayed in the software window will fall in proper shape when typical frequency signal is applied from the simulator kit. w. ww 1. .pl ing ult ns -co hik Note: All the experiments from 1-15 are performed by using simulator while experiments from 16-18 are performed by Real Time Measurement System. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 27 ST2359 All Standard ECG Lead Diagrams (Simulated) .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Figure 8 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 28 ST2359 .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Figure 9 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 29 ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry Software Display Window • Control block Window • Measurement block Window 1. Display block Window: u Display block Window /ed • Measurement block Window .pl This Software Contains Three Windows: ing ult ns -co hik w. ww Control block Window Figure 10 • Displays the ECG signals • Used to set the threshold level • Helps to measure the time-periods of ECG signals along X and Y axis by setting their starting and end limits. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 30 ST2359 2. 3. Control block Window: • To start the waveform by opening the connected port. • Allows to set the Threshold level • Allows to set Tachycardia and Bradycardia Limits • Allows measurement of Heart-Rate and Time periods Measurement block Window: This window displays the measured value of • Heart-rate 5. No Cursor: To remove the cursor from display window 6. Cursor 1: For distance measurement along X-axis 7. Cursor 2: For distance measurement along Y-axis System Requirements: Operating System (O/S) : Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp RAM : Space Required : Screen Resolution : ns -co hik w. ww 4. • Peak QRS complex Result: This shows the result of measured heart rate for one minute whether the Heart Rate is Normal or Bradycardia or Tachycardia reported 256 MB and onwards Software language used : Visual Basic 6.0 10 MB 1024 × 768 pixels ing ult About Copyright .pl This software is protected by copyright law and international treaties .Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this software or any segment may result in severe civil and criminal penalties and will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible under law. /ed Installation of software: Insert the Single Channel ECG Telemetry Software CD into CD drive • Open the CD • Run setup.exe • Follow the instructions • Click finish when completed then it will ask for driver in another window. • Click “Next” and the drivers will be installed • Click “Finish” when completed • Software is ready to use • Execute the Single Channel ECG Telemetry Software Application from start menu or from the Desktop. u • Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 31 ST2359 Experiment 1 Objective: Study of Lead I of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration. Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead I by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Position the switches SW1 to ‘OFF’ and SW 2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect Lead I terminal to Processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the ECG waveform in Lead I Configuration on DSO at Lead I terminal of Simulator. 2. Observe each Systolic action of the Heart by LED indication. 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and compare the Lead I wave shape with the standard Lead I wave shape given in the manual (figure 9). 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters. u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 32 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead I Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The absence of Q wave is the indication of the standard Lead I Configuration of the ECG (Sometime it is present, depending on the electrical axis of the Heart). 3. Amplitude and frequency of all other waves (P, R, S and T) are appearing, as in standard Lead I Configuration of ECG. Questions: How the heart rate is controlled? 2. What is the heart rate for various human beings? 3. To measure the ECG signals where the electrodes are placed on human body? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 33 ST2359 Experiment 2 Objective: Study of Lead II of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead II by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘OFF’ and SW 2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect Lead II terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the ECG waveform in Lead II Configuration on the DSO at Lead II terminal of simulator. 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication. 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and compare the Lead II wave shape with the standard Lead II wave shape given in the manual (figure 9). 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters. u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 34 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead II Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The presence of all P, Q, R, S, T, U wave is the indication of the standard Lead II Configuration of the ECG. 3. Amplitude and Frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T and U) are observed, as in standard Lead II Configuration of ECG. 4. U wave is generally absent in all other Lead Configurations of ECG. Questions: What does T wave represent? 2. How much time period is required to complete one cycle by the heart? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 35 ST2359 Experiment 3 Objective: Study of Lead III of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or Equivalent. 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead III by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘OFF’ and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the Lead III terminal to Processor using 2 mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the ECG waveform in Lead III Configuration on the DSO at Lead III terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and compare the Lead III wave shape with the standard Lead III wave shape given in the manual (Figure 9) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters. u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 36 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead III Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The presence of all P, Q, R, S, and T wave is the indication of the standard Lead III Configuration of the ECG. 3. The QRS complex has approximately same positive and negative amplitude is the most common indication of Lead III bipolar Lead Configuration. 4. Amplitude and frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T,) are observed, as in standard Lead III Configuration of ECG. ww Questions: How many components heart conduction system have? 2. How can the electrical activity of heart be sensed? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 37 ST2359 Experiment 4 Objective: Study of aVR Lead of Standard Unipolar Leads Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead aVR by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘OFF’ and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the Lead avR terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the aVR waveform of standard Augmented Unipolar Limb Lead on the DSO at avR terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the Lead avR wave shape with the standard Lead avR wave shape given in the manual (Figure 9) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 38 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard avR Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The presence of inverted P, R, T wave is the indication of the standard Lead aver 3. Configuration of the ECG 4. The QRS complex has negative amplitude is the most common indication of aVR unipolar Lead Configuration 5. Amplitude and frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T,) are observed, as in standard Lead avR Configuration of ECG. Questions: What is PR-segment? 2. What is the duration of PR-segment? 3. What is the amplitude of Q wave? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 39 ST2359 Experiment 5 Objective: Study of aVL Lead of Standard Unipolar limb Leads Configuration. Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead aVL by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘OFF’ and SW2 to ‘OFF’ position 5. Now connect the Lead aVL terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the aVL waveform of standard Augmented Unipolar limb Lead on the DSO at aVL terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the Lead aVL wave shape with the standard Lead aVL wave shape given in the manual (figure 9) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters. u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 40 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead aVL Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has positive amplitude with little negative amplitude is the most common indication of avL unipolar Lead Configuration 3. Amplitude and Frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T,) are observed, as in standard Lead avL Configuration of ECG (some time Q wave is absent). Questions: 1. Which type of activity is held during ‘P’,’QRS’ and ‘T’ wave? 2. How different waves are generated? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 41 ST2359 Experiment 6 Objective: Study of aVF Lead of Standard Unipolar Leads Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead aVF by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘OFF’ position and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the Lead aVF terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform in aVF Lead of Augmented Unipolar Leads Configuration on the DSO at aVF terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and compare the Lead avF wave shape with the standard Lead aVF wave shape given in the manual (figure 9) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters. u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 42 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead aVF Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has positive amplitude with no negative amplitude is the most common indication of aVL unipolar Lead Configuration 3. All waves of this Lead Configuration are positive 4. Amplitude and Frequency of all waves (P, R, T,) are appearing, as in standard Lead avF Configuration of ECG Questions: What does ‘P’ wave represent? 2. What is the duration of ‘P’ wave? 3. What is the standard value of one complete cycle for ‘T’ wave? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 43 ST2359 Experiment 7 Objective: Study of Chest Lead V1 of Standard Unipolar Leads Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead V1 by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘ON’ and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the V1 terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V1 Configuration on the DSO at V1 terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the Lead V1 wave shape with the standard Lead V1 wave shape given in the manual (figure 10) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 44 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead V1 Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has negative amplitude is the most common indication of V1 unipolar Lead Configuration 3. T wave has large positive amplitude 4. R wave has large negative amplitude Questions: 1. What QRS complex represents? 2. What T wave represents? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 45 ST2359 Experiment 8 Objective: Study of Chest Leads V2 of Standard Unipolar Lead Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead V2 by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘ON’ position and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the V2 terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V2 Configuration on the DSO at V2 terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the Lead V2 wave shape with the standard Lead V2 wave shape given in the manual (Figure 10) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 46 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead V2 Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has negative amplitude with little negative value is the most common indication of V2 unipolar Lead Configuration 3. T wave has large positive amplitude than V1 4. R wave has large negative amplitude. Questions: What is the amplitude of ‘T’ Wave? 2. What normal ‘T’ waves represents? 3. What is the duration of ST-Interval? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 47 ST2359 Experiment 9 Objective: Study of Chest Leads V3 of Standard Unipolar Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead V3 by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 in ‘ON’ position and SW2 in ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the V3 terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V3 Configuration on the DSO at V3 terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the Lead V3 wave shape with the standard Lead V3 wave shape given in the manual (figure 10) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 48 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead V3 Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has approximately equal negative and positive amplitude is the most common indication of V3 unipolar Lead Configuration 3. T wave has large positive amplitude than V1 with sharp edges 4. S wave has large negative amplitude Questions: What is the amplitude of ‘R’ Wave? 2. What ‘R’ wave represents? 3. What is the amplitude of ‘S’ Wave? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 49 ST2359 Experiment 10 Objective: Study of Chest Leads V4 of Standard Unipolar Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead V4 by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘ON’ position and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the V4 terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V4 Configuration on the DSO at V4 terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the Lead V4 wave shape with the standard Lead V4 wave shape given in the manual (figure 10) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters. u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 50 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead V4 Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has approximately equal negative and positive amplitude is the most common indication of V4 Unipolar Lead Configuration 3. T wave has positive amplitude but slightly flatter than V1, V2, V3 4. S wave has negative amplitude Questions: 1. What is the amplitude of ‘T’ Wave? 2. What normal ‘T’ waves represents? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 51 ST2359 Experiment 11 Objective: Study of Chest Leads V5 of Standard Unipolar Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead V5 by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘ON’ position and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now connect the V5 terminal to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V5 Configuration on the DSO at V5 terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the Lead V5 wave shape with the standard Lead V5 wave shape given in the manual (Figure 10) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 52 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead V5 Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has positive amplitude with little flatter shape of S wave is the most common indication of V5 Unipolar Lead Configuration 3. R wave has large positive amplitude 4. ST slope is flatter than other chest Lead Configurations. Questions: What is the amplitude of ‘R’ Wave? 2. What ‘R’ wave represents? 3. What is the amplitude of ‘S’ Wave? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 53 ST2359 Experiment 12 Objective: Study of Chest Leads V6 of Standard Unipolar Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select Lead V6 by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘ON’ position and SW2 to ‘OFF’ 5. Now make the connections of V6 to processor using 2mm banana cable 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable Observation: .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V6 Configuration on the DSO at V6 terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and compare the Lead V6 wave shape with the standard Lead V6 wave shape given in the manual (figure 10) 4. Stop the waveform in software using stop button and analyse the parameters u /ed 1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 54 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. ECG waveform of Standard Lead V6 Configuration is observed in proper shape and frequency 2. The QRS complex has positive amplitude with little negative S wave is the most common indication of V6 unipolar Lead Configuration 3. R wave has large positive amplitude 4. ST slope is less than other chest Lead Configurations Questions: What is the amplitude of ‘QRS’ Complex? 2. What ‘QRS’ complex represents? 3. What is the duration of ‘QRS’ wave? 4. What short duration indicates in ‘QRS’ wave? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 55 ST2359 Experiment 13 Objective: Study of all the standard ECG Leads (12 Leads) Unipolar and Bipolar Configuration simultaneously. Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Select 12 Lead by rotating the Lead selection switch 4. Switch the position of SW1 to ‘ON’ position and SW2 to ‘ON’ 5. Now make the connections of 12 Lead to processor using 2mm banana cable. 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Connect the Power supply to Receiver Module and connect it to the Computer by RS232 cable .pl Observation: ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. Observe the waveform of all standard Unipolar and Bipolar Leads Configuration on the DSO at 12 Lead terminal of simulator 2. Observe each systolic action of the heart by LED indication 3. At the receiving site switch ON the power supply, press Start button in the software window and Compare the all Lead wave shape with the standard Lead wave shape given in the manual (Figure 9 and 10) 4. By default each ECG wave will appear twice u /ed 1. Conclusion: 1. ECG waveforms of all Standard Leads Configuration are observed in proper shape and frequency Questions: 1. What is Unipolar and bipolar configuration? Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 56 ST2359 Experiment 14 Objective: Study of measurement of Normal/Abnormal Heart-Rate of Subject Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Make any of the standard Lead configuration using 2mm banana cable and Lead selection switch 4. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 5. Now at the receiving site connect the power supply, open port in the software window, adjust the Threshold and start the Heart rate measurement in software using Heart rate button 6. Wait for one minute for getting the Heart rate count 7. Adjust the Pulse Rate Potentiometer to see the changes in the frequency of heart rate in software window .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. u /ed Observation: 1. Selected wave form is appearing in software window and counter is running to count the number of pulses in one minute 2. Frequency of wave is changing at receiving site accordingly as there is change in heart rate frequency at transmitting site Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 57 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. One minute counter showing the exact value of heart rate of subject 2. Amplitude and Frequency of selected wave is appearing in appropriate form Questions: 1. How much time period is required to complete one cycle by the heart? 2. Define heart rate? 3. How the heart rate is controlled? 4. What is the heart rate for various human beings? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 58 ST2359 Experiment 15 Objective: Study of Abnormalities (Tachycardia, Bradycardia) present in Human Cardiovascular System Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Make any of the standard Lead configuration using 2mm banana cable and Lead selection switch 4. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 5. Now at the receiving site connect the Power Supply. Connect the ST2359 Receiver by RS232 cable with computer and start the software. Set the Bradycardia and Tachycardia limits in software, normally Bradycardia limit is set to 40 bpm while Tachycardia limit is set to 90 BPM 6. Open port in the software to start the measurement of abnormalities in the heart 7. Adjust the pulse rate potentiometer to see the changes in the frequency of heart rate in software window .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. 1. u /ed Observation: 1. One minute timer is running and shows the number of pulses in the software window 2. Tachycardia and Bradycardia indications are given by the software depending on the values of these parameters Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 59 ST2359 Conclusion: 1. While rotating the Pulse Rate Adjustment potentiometer, when Heart rate exceeds beyond the Tachycardia limit, the Tachycardia indication is given by the software 2. While rotating the pulse rate adjustment potentiometer, when Heart rate goes below to the Bradycardia limit, the Bradycardia indication is given by the software 3. When Heart rate lies in between the Tachycardia and Bradycardia limit then no any indication is given by the software Questions: How many contractions heart have? 2. In how many layers heart wall is divided, name them? 3. What Tachycardia, Bradycardia represents? .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 1. u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 60 ST2359 Experiment 16 Objective: Study of Measurement of Real Time ECG Lead I Bipolar Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Make the standard Lead I bipolar configuration • -co hik w. 1. ns Connect negative electrode (Red) to the Right Arm and positive electrode (Yellow) to the Left Arm, while Reference electrode (Black) connected to the Right Leg of the subject Switch ON the kit by Power switch 5. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 6. Now at the receiving site connect the Power Supply and run the software. Open the connected port by clicking the on to the Open button to start the measurement .pl ing ult 4. 1. Lead I waveform is appearing in software window 2. Amplitude and Frequency of wave is correct u /ed Observation: Conclusion: 1. Real time Lead I ECG wave is appearing in exact shape Questions: 1. What is the significance of using telemetry for biomedical instrumentation? Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 61 ST2359 Experiment 17 Objective: Study of Measurement of Real Time ECG Lead II Bipolar Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Make the standard Lead II bipolar configuration i.e., Connect negative electrode (Red) to the Right Arm and positive electrode (Yellow) to the Left Leg, while Reference electrode (Black) connected to the Right Leg of the subject. ns -co • hik w. 1. Switch ‘ON’ the kit by Power switch 5. Now connect the Main Amplifier output to Processor by 2mm banana insert 6. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 7. Now at the receiving site connect the Power Supply and run the software. Open the connected port by clicking the on to the Open button to start the measurement .pl ing ult 4. 1. Lead II waveform is appearing in software window. 2. Amplitude and frequency of wave is correct. u /ed Observation: Conclusion: 1. Real time Lead II ECG wave is appearing in exact shape. Questions: 1. Why colour coding of leads are required for Measurement of Real Time ECG? 2. What ECG stands for? Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 62 ST2359 Experiment 18 Objective: Study of Measurement of Real Time ECG Lead III Bipolar Configuration Equipments Needed: 1. ST2359 Single Channel ECG Telemetry 2. 2 mm Banana socket insert 3. ST2359 Receiver module 4. DSO (RIGOL DS1102C) or equivalent 5. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp Operating System 6. ST2359 Software ww Procedure: Connect one end of the power supply to Single Channel ECG Telemetry ST2359, while other end to mains power supply 2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2359 3. Make the standard Lead III bipolar configuration i.e., Connect negative electrode (Red) to the Left Arm and positive electrode (Yellow) to the Left Leg, while Reference electrode (Black) connected to the Right Leg of the subject ns -co • hik w. 1. Switch on the kit by Power switch 5. Switch ‘ON’ the switch in the RF transmitter block for transmitting the signal to the RF link 6. Now at the receiving site connect the Power Supply and run the software. Open the connected port by clicking the on to the Open button to start the measurement Observation: .pl ing ult 4. /ed Lead III waveform is appearing in software window. 2. Amplitude and frequency of wave is correct. Conclusion: 1. u 1. Real time Lead III ECG wave is appearing in exact shape. Questions: 1. What is bipolar configuration? 2. What are the various waveforms of ECG? Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 63 ST2359 Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is the Anatomy of the human heart? The heart is basically a hollow muscular pump, which pushes the blood through out the body via the blood vessels. It is located between the lungs and slightly to the left of centre. 2. How many contractions heart have? The heart is an involuntary muscle that has approximately seventy to ninety contractions per minute during a restful state. It begins to pump early in the life of a fetus and will continue unceasingly until death. 3. In how many layers heart wall is divided, name them? Pericardium • Myocardium • Endocardium hik • w. 4. ww The heart wall is divided into three layers: How chamber is sub divided? -co 5. ns The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in turn divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called atria and the lower two chambers are called ventricles. How many chambers does heart have? ult The heart has four distinct chambers. ing 1. Right atrium is the thin-walled area that receives the venous or "used" blood returning to the body by the veins. .pl /ed 2. Right ventricle is the "pump" area of the heart's right side. The atrium dumps the blood into the ventricle where it is then pumped out the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs. u 3. Left atrium receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs. 4. Left ventricle has the thickest walls of all. It is from this chamber the blood is pumped out of the heart, into the aorta and out to the rest of the body. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 64 ST2359 6. How many types of heart valves are there? There are four types of heart valves which are as follows: Tricuspid valve: is the one located at the entrance of the right ventricle. It prevents the blood from washing back into the right atrium. b. Pulmonary semi lunar valve: is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. c. Mitral valve: is made of very heavy cusps and is located at the entrance of the left ventricle. This is a powerful valve that closes as the left ventricle begins each of its contractions to ensure the oxygenated blood doesn't re-enter the left atrium. d. Aortic valve: is located, as its name would imply, between the left ventricle's exit and the aorta itself. ww a. 7. How right ventricle and left ventricle works? w. hik As the right ventricle contracts and sends blood to the lungs, the left ventricle contracts and squeezes blood out to the body. 8. What is systole and diastole? -co Systole occurs when the ventricles contract, and diastole when they relax. One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle makes up one heartbeat. ns 9. How many components heart conduction system have? Sino atrial node (SA node) ii. Inter-nodal fibre bundles iii. Atrioventriculer node (AV node) iv. Atrioventriculer bundle What is the function of natural pacemaker? /ed 10. .pl i. ing ult There are four basic components to the heart's conduction system. u A natural pacemaker generates electrical impulses at regular rate. To initiate the heartbeat the action potentials generated by the natural pacemaker or S.A. node gets propagated in all directions along the surface of both atria and atrioventriculer node. 11. What is the full form of ECG? Electrocardiogram 12. How the electrical activity of heart can be sensed? This electrical activity generated by the heart can be measured by an array of electrodes placed on the body surface. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 65 ST2359 13. What P wave represents? The P wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node throughout the atria, and is usually 0.08 to 0.1 seconds (80-100 ms) in duration. 14. What QRS complex represents? The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. The duration of the QRS complex is normally 0.06 to 0.1 seconds. This relatively short duration indicates that ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly. 15. What T wave represents? The T wave represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than depolarization (i.e., conduction of the repolarization wave is slower than the wave of depolarization). ww 16. How much time period is required to complete one cycle by the heart? Define heart rate? hik 17. w. The total time required for one complete cycle of the heart electrical activity ranges from approximately 0.4 to 0.6 second. The Heart-rate is a rate at which the heart beats per minute. -co 18 How the heart rate is controlled? What is the heart rate for various human beings? ult 19. ns It is controlled by the frequency at which the natural pacemaker generates electrical pulses. To measure the ECG signals where the electrodes are placed on human body? /ed 20. .pl ing The bigger a person is, the slower the heart rate. A newborn baby's heart beats about 120 times per minute. The typical rate for adults is 72 beats per minute. But doctors consider resting rates from 60 to 100 beats per minute within the normal range. u To record the ECG pattern of a subject (human body) it is necessary to apply ECG metal electrodes to the patient's limbs in special formats called leads, on each arm and leg, and six electrodes are placed at defined locations on the chest. 21. How electrical signals are generated through the heart? As the heart undergoes depolarization and repolarization, the electrical currents that are generated and spread not only within the heart, but also through out the body. 22. How the electrical current is measured from the heart? The electrical activity generated by the heart can be measured by an array of electrodes placed on the body surface. 23. How different waves are generated? The different waves that comprise the ECG represent the sequence of depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 66 ST2359 24. What ‘P’ wave represent? The ‘P’ wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node throughout the atria. 25. What is the duration of ‘P’ wave? The duration is usually of 0.08 to 0.1 seconds (80-100 ms). 26. What ‘QRS’ complex represents? The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. 27. What is the duration of ‘QRS’ wave? The duration of the QRS complex is normally 0.06 to 0.1 seconds. 28. What short duration indicates in ‘QRS’ wave? ww The relative short duration indicates that ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly. w. 29. What ‘T’ wave represents? hik The T wave represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than depolarization -co 30. What is the duration of ‘T’ wave? What is the standard value of one complete cycle for ‘T’ wave? ult 31. ns Typically the total time required for one complete cycle of the heart electrical activity ranges from approximately 0.4 to 0.6 second. 32. What ‘T’ wave represents? ing 0.8 seconds is the standard value of one complete heart cycle. .pl This U wave represents the state of heart when all four chambers of heart receive the blood generally this wave is not present in the normal ECG graph. /ed 33. Which type of activity is held during ‘P’,’QRS’ and ‘T’ wave? u During a normal sinus rhythm, the atria are contracting first (around the time of the P wave), and the ventricles contract second (around the time of the QRS complex). Ventricular relaxation occurs around the time of the T wave. 34. What heart's electrical axis refers? The heart's electrical axis refers to the general direction of the heart's depolarization wave front (or mean electrical vector) in the frontal plane. 35. What is the orientation of heart's electrical axis? It is usually oriented in a right shoulder to left Leg direction, which corresponds to the left inferior quadrant of the hex axial reference system, although -30o to +90o is considered to be normal. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 67 ST2359 36. What the electric axis of the heart usually denotes? The concept of the electric axis of the heart usually denotes the average direction of the electric activity throughout ventricular (or sometimes atrial) activation. 37. What is the range of electric axis? The normal range of the electric axis lies between +30° and -110° in the frontal plane and between +30° and -30° in the transverse plane. The direction of the electric axis may be approximated from the 12-Lead ECG by finding the Lead in the frontal plane, where the QRS-complex has largest positive deflection. The direction of the electric axis is in the direction of this Lead vector. The result can be checked by observing that the QRS-complex is symmetrically biphasic in the Lead that is normal to the electric axis. What the deviation of the electric axis to the right indicates? ww 38. 39. w. Deviation of the electric axis to the right is an indication of increased electric activity in the right ventricle due to increased right ventricular mass. hik Due to which types of diseases the deviation of the electric axis to the right occurs? 40. ns -co This is usually a consequence of chronic obstructive lung disease, pulmonary emboli, certain types of congenital heart disease, or other disorders causing severe pulmonary hypertension and corpulmonale. What the deviation of the electric axis to the left indicates? 41. ing ult Deviation of the electric axis to the left is an indication of increased electric activity in the left ventricle due to increased left ventricular mass. Due to which types of diseases the deviation of the electric axis to the left occurs? .pl 42. What is the amplitude of ‘P’ wave? 43. : 0.25mV u Amplitude /ed This is usually a consequence of hypertension, aortic Stenosis, ischemic heart disease, or some interventricular conduction defect. What should be the dimensions of ‘P’ wave? The P wave in general should not be more than 1 box wide or 1 box tall. If it exceeds these, it generally means that either or both atria is enlarged (hypertrophied). 44. What are the characteristics of ‘P’ wave? Positive deflection of P wave greater than 1 box wide or 1 box in height indicates right atrial hypertrophy Negative deflection of P wave greater than 1 box wide or 1 box in depth indicates left atrial hypertrophy. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 68 ST2359 45. What is the duration of PR-Interval? Duration: 180-220 m sec The distance from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of Q wave is PR interval. It’s a period from the beginning of atria depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization. 46. What is PR-segment? It is the distance from end of the P wave and beginning of Q wave. 47. What is the duration of PR-segment? Duration: 0.01 sec (approximately) 48. What is the amplitude of Q wave? 49. ww Amplitude : 0.2 mV What normal Q wave represents? w. 50. hik Normal Q waves are small, less than 1 mm deep or wide and one fourth the height of their R wave. When Q wave Develops? -co Pathological Q waves usually develop when ST segments are elevated and appear several hours or days after the clinical manifestations of the Myocardial Infarction. ns 51. What abnormal Q wave represents? ing ult Abnormal Q must be one Small Square (0.04 sec) wide and greater than one-third of QRS height in Lead III. Myocardial infarction causes pathological Q waves over the affected area of the ventricle. The age of the infection can be determined. .pl If only Q wave is present without elevated ST segment then it indicates old infarction while if ST segment is there (with or without T wave inversion) then it indicates acute infraction. Q waves with inverted T waves may indicate undetermined age. What is the amplitude of ‘R’ Wave? 53. : 1mV u Amplitude /ed 52. What ‘R’ wave represents? R wave is the largest wave of the ECG graph and it is always above is electric line, No such thing as a "negative R-wave" exists. 54. What is the amplitude of ‘S’ Wave? Amplitude 55. : 0.4 - 0.5 mV What is the amplitude of ‘QRS’ Complex? Amplitude : Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 1.5 mV 69 ST2359 56. What is the duration of ST-Segment? Short segment from end of S wave to beginning of T wave and has duration of about 0.07 sec. 57. What is the amplitude of ‘T’ Wave? Amplitude 58. : 0.1 - 0.5 m sec What normal ‘T’ waves represents? Normal T waves are in the same direction as their complex, wave is asymmetrical and it peaks toward the end, instead of the middle. Normal T wave in frontal plan is about 5 mm and in precordial plane 10 mm tall. 59. What is the duration of ST-Interval? What QT-Interval represents? w. 60. ww Period from end of S wave to end of T wave and has the duration of about 0.20 0.27 m sec. What is the duration of QT-Interval? -co 61. hik It is the interval from beginning of Q wave to end of T wave, or we can say this is the period from beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of repolarization. It has the duration of about 0.26 - 0.49 m sec. What RR-Interval represents? ns 62. 63. ult This is the distance between QRS-complexes. What is the amplitude of ‘U’ Wave? : ing Amplitude 0.15 mV .pl u /ed Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 70 ST2359 Glossary of Human Cardiovascular System Terms Artery: A muscular blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Arrhythmia: Is an abnormal heart rhythm. Atrium: One of the chambers of the heart that receives blood directly from a vein. Bradycardia: When the heart-rate less than the normal heart-rate rhythm. Circulatory system: The system of the body responsible for internal transport. Composed of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymph, and blood. Cardiology: Is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart. ww Diastole: Pronounced Dy AS tuh lee is the period of heart activity when the ventricles relax. w. Diastolic pressure: The decreased pressure due to the relaxation of the ventricles is called diastolic pressure. hik Electrocardiograph (ECG): Is an instrument used to detect heart damage or diagnose heart disorders. -co Heart: The muscular organ composed of cardiac muscle that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. ns Normal sinus rhythm: Normal pumping action of heart generates 60 -100 heartbeats per minute. ult Septum: The wall dividing the two ventricles. ing Systole: Is the period of heart activity when the ventricles contract. .pl Systolic pressure: The increased pressure due to the contraction of the ventricles is called systolic pressure. Tachycardia: When the heart-rate exceeds than the normal heart-rate rhythm. /ed Ventricle: One of the muscular chambers of the heart that is responsible for pumping blood from the heart into the arteries. u Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 71 ST2359 Warranty 1) We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are not covered under warranty. 2) The guarantee will become void, if a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning Material b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed. c) The customer resells the instrument to another party. d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument. The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc. 4) The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer. .pl ing ult ns -co hik w. ww 3) u /ed List of Accessories 1. ECG Gel............................................................................................................... ....... 1 No. 2. ECG Clamp Electrodes....................................................................................... ........ 4 No. 3. Banana to 5 pin DIN Cable.................................................................................. ....... 1 No. 4. 2 mm Patch Cord......................................................................................................... 1 No. 5. Serial port Cable.......................................................................................................... 1 No. 6. Learning Material (CD)………........................................................................... ....... 1 No. 7. Power Supply..................................................................................................... ......... 2 No. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 72