Zxr10 3900e Product Description

Transcript

ZXR10 3900E Description Product ZXR10 3900E Product Description ZXR10 3900E Product Description Version Date V2.00 2010-11-01 V3.0 2012-01-05 Author Wang yanhua Wang yanhua Reviewer Yuan Zhiyong Yuan Zhiyong Notes New Templates Parameter of Product Hardware New Templates © 2012 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed or used without the prior written permission of ZTE. Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information in this document is subjected to change without notice. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 1 ZXR10 3900E Product Description TABLE OF CONTENTS ZXR10 3900E Product Description ...................................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................... 2 FIGURES 5 2 TABLES 6 1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 7 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Equipment Highlights ....................................................................................... 8 EasyAlarm ........................................................................................................... 8 EasyGreen ........................................................................................................... 8 EasyPower........................................................................................................... 8 EasySpace........................................................................................................... 9 EasyButton .......................................................................................................... 9 EasyManage ........................................................................................................ 9 EasyOAM ............................................................................................................ 9 EasyUpdate ......................................................................................................... 9 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 Functionality .................................................................................................... 10 Basic Services ................................................................................................... 10 MAC Address Management ............................................................................... 10 VLAN ................................................................................................................. 12 SVLAN ............................................................................................................... 16 STP/RSTP ......................................................................................................... 17 Link Aggregation ................................................................................................ 18 Basic Ethernet Features..................................................................................... 18 IGMP Snooping ................................................................................................. 19 IPv4 Multicast Route .......................................................................................... 20 IPv4 Route ......................................................................................................... 21 Value-Added Service ......................................................................................... 21 Cluster Management .......................................................................................... 21 Ring Protection .................................................................................................. 23 ZTE Ethernet Smart Switch ................................................................................ 24 Security Feature ................................................................................................ 25 TR101 Feature................................................................................................... 25 Support External Alarm Input and Output ........................................................... 26 VCT ................................................................................................................... 26 SFP DOM .......................................................................................................... 27 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.2.9 3.2.10 3.2.11 3.2.12 3.2.13 3.2.14 3.2.15 3.2.16 3.2.17 3.2.18 3.2.19 3.2.20 3.2.21 3.2.22 3.2.23 3.2.24 3.2.25 3.2.26 3.2.27 3.2.28 SFlow................................................................................................................. 27 ACL.................................................................................................................... 28 QoS ................................................................................................................... 30 Port Mirroring ..................................................................................................... 35 Traffic Statistics ................................................................................................. 35 NTP ................................................................................................................... 35 RADIUS ............................................................................................................. 35 SNMP ................................................................................................................ 36 RMON................................................................................................................ 37 DOT1X............................................................................................................... 37 IPTV................................................................................................................... 39 VBAS ................................................................................................................. 39 ARP ................................................................................................................... 41 DHCPv4 ............................................................................................................. 42 LLDP.................................................................................................................. 42 UDLD ................................................................................................................. 44 VRRP................................................................................................................. 46 Ethernet OAM .................................................................................................... 47 L2PT .................................................................................................................. 53 MButton ............................................................................................................. 54 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.4 System Architecture ........................................................................................ 55 Product Appearance .......................................................................................... 55 ZXR10 3900E Appearance ................................................................................ 55 Hardware architecture ........................................................................................ 56 Overall hardware architecture ............................................................................ 56 Hardware system working principle .................................................................... 57 Introduction of board modules ............................................................................ 57 Software Architecture ......................................................................................... 59 Operation Support Subsystem ........................................................................... 61 MUX Subsystem ................................................................................................ 61 L2 Subsystem .................................................................................................... 62 L3 Subsystem .................................................................................................... 62 NM and Operation & Maintenance Subsystem ................................................... 63 ZXROS .............................................................................................................. 64 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 Technical Parameters and Specifications ................................................... 71 Physical Parameters .......................................................................................... 71 1.2 Basic Performance Indices ...................................................................... 71 System Software Attributes ................................................................................ 72 L2 Attributes....................................................................................................... 72 1.3.2 L3 Attributes .............................................................................................. 75 ZTE Confidential Proprietary 3 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 4 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7 QoS ................................................................................................................... 75 Service Management ......................................................................................... 76 Reliability ........................................................................................................... 76 Security.............................................................................................................. 77 Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................... 77 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 Operation and Maintenance............................................................................ 78 NetNumen U31 Unified Network Management Platform..................................... 78 Network Management Networking Mode ........................................................... 79 NetNumen U31 Network Management System .................................................. 80 Maintenance and Management .......................................................................... 82 Multiple Configuration Modes ............................................................................. 82 Monitoring, Controlling and Maintenance ........................................................... 83 Diagnosis and Debugging .................................................................................. 84 Software Upgrade .............................................................................................. 85 File System Management .................................................................................. 85 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 Networking....................................................................................................... 86 Product Features in Real Network Implementations ........................................... 86 SVLAN( Flexible QinQ) ...................................................................................... 86 IPTV................................................................................................................... 87 ZESR ................................................................................................................. 88 ZESS ................................................................................................................. 88 Integrated Network Application .......................................................................... 89 MAN Access Layer Solution ............................................................................... 89 Enterprise Network Solution ............................................................................... 91 8 Abbreviation .................................................................................................... 91 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description FIGURES Figure 1-1 The Front Panel of ZXR10 3928E ...................................................................... 7 Figure 1-2 The Front Panel of ZXR10 3928E-FI.................................................................. 8 Figure 1-3 The Front Panel of ZXR10 3952E ...................................................................... 8 Figure 3-1 The Network Topology of Cluster Management ................................................22 Figure 3-2 The Rules for Switch Role Conversion ..............................................................23 Figure 3-3 The networking topology of ZESS .....................................................................24 Figure 3-4 Alarm Interface .................................................................................................26 Figure 3-5 Basic Architecture of SFlow ..............................................................................28 Figure 3-6 The Working Procedure of Traffic Policing ........................................................32 Figure 3-7 False connection of interface ............................................................................46 Figure 3-8 Interface down ..................................................................................................46 Figure 3-9 Relationship of sub-layers of OAM in ISO/IEC OSI reference mode .................47 Figure 3-10 Maintenance domain.......................................................................................50 Figure 3-11 Ethernet Maintenance Domain Inclusive Relations .........................................51 Figure 3-12 L2PT networking diagram ...............................................................................54 Figure 4-1 Appearance of ZXR10 3928E ...........................................................................56 Figure 4-2 Appearance of ZXR10 3928E-FI .......................................................................56 Figure 4-3 Appearance of ZXR10 3952E ...........................................................................56 Figure 4-4 Hardware Block Diagram for the Hardware of ZXR 10 3900E ...........................57 Figure 4-5 Diagram of main control card ............................................................................58 Figure 4-6 Functional Block Diagram for the Operation Support Subsystem ......................61 Figure 4-7 Functional Block Diagram of the L2 Subsystem ................................................62 Figure 4-8 Functional Block Diagram of the L3 Subsystem ................................................63 Figure 7-1 IPTV networking application..............................................................................87 Figure 7-2 ZESR networking application ............................................................................88 Figure 7-3 ZESS networking application ............................................................................89 Figure 7-4 MAN application................................................................................................90 Figure 7-5 Enterprise network application ..........................................................................91 ZTE Confidential Proprietary 5 ZXR10 3900E Product Description TABLES Table 4-1 L2 Protocol Standard .........................................................................................64 Table 4-2 RIP Protocol Standard .......................................................................................65 Table 4-3 OSPF Protocol Standard....................................................................................65 Table 4-4 BGP Protocol Standard ......................................................................................65 Table 4-5 ISIS Standard ....................................................................................................66 Table 4-6 VRRP Standard .................................................................................................67 Table 4-7 LDP Standard ....................................................................................................67 Table 4-8 Multicast Standard .............................................................................................67 Table 4-9 Differentiated Services Standard........................................................................68 Table 4-10 PPP Standard ..................................................................................................68 Table 4-11 DHCP Standard ...............................................................................................68 Table 4-12 Network Management Standard .......................................................................68 Table 5-1 Physical Parameters ..........................................................................................71 Table 5-2 Basic Performance Indices ................................................................................71 Table 5-3 L2 Attributes.......................................................................................................72 Table 5-4 L3 Attributes.......................................................................................................75 Table 5-5 QoS ...................................................................................................................75 Table 5-6 Service Management .........................................................................................76 Table 5-7 Reliability ...........................................................................................................76 Table 5-8 Security ..............................................................................................................77 Table 5-9 Operation and Maintenance ...............................................................................77 6 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 1 Overview ZXR10 3900E series switches introduced by ZTE Corporation focus on the implementation of all-service IP bearer network. In order to enable services to access bearer network, they use integrated platform to implement data, voice, video and mobile services. With highly reliable software and hardware architecture, excellent switching capacity and performance, convenient operating and management tool, ZTE ZXR10 3900E series switches are good at building carrier-class bearer network for sustaining development. ZXR10 3900E series switches use high-speed backplane and special advanced core chip, featuring outstanding service extensibility and increment. They extend the life of the equipment and give maximum protection to customer’s investment. Together with “Environment Protection” philosophy, ZXR10 3900E series switches are designed with the lowest power consumption in the industry and tight architecture where the depth is 220mm, as a result, they take up less space, cost less operating fees, use modular dual power supply systems to ensure high reliability, lower OPEX and CAPEX, and realize maximum operating profits. ZXR10 3900E series switches consist of 3 models: ZXR10 3928E, ZXR10 3928E-FI and ZXR10 3952E. ZXR10 3928E supports 24 100M electrical interfaces and 1 expanded slot. ZXR10 3952E supports 16 fixed 100M optical interfaces, 1 expanded slot and 4 sub-cards, with each sub-card supporting 8 100M optical/electrical interfaces. ZXR10 3900E series products support three types of expanded slots: 4*GE optical uplinking sub-cards, 4*GE electrical uplinking sub-cards, and 4*100M optical sub-cards. The Appearance of the equipment is as shown in Figure 1-1, Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3: Figure 1-1 ZTE Confidential Proprietary The Front Panel of ZXR10 3928E 7 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Figure 1-2 The Front Panel of ZXR10 3928E-FI Figure 1-3 The Front Panel of ZXR10 3952E 2 Equipment Highlights 2.1 EasyAlarm Alarm input and output interface, it is used for monitor physical quantity, including power supply breakdown warning information. 2.2 EasyGreen Green Ethernet technology uses industry-leading 40nm and 65nm chip and the latest IEEE 802.3az EEE dynamic power consumption control technology. 2.3 EasyPower Dual independent and swappable power supply modules give maximum guarantee to the best carrier-class reliability. 8 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 2.4 EasySpace Designed in 220mm deep, it can be installed in a 600mm-deep rack in back-to- back mode. With tight architecture, all cable in front panel, it greatly saves operator’s investment in equipment room. For example: a standard 19-inch, 600mm in depth rack is capable of containing 50 pieces of ZXR10 3928E, 1200 FE and 200 GE ports. 2.5 EasyButton By mode switching button, the operating status of switch can be vividly displayed, e.g. CPU availability, memory availability, ARP attack number of CPU, MAC learning capability of port, existence of CRC error, entire equipment bandwidth and display of network storm. Moreover, it can directly Ping network management server to make sure if the network link is connected. It is ZTE’s patent technology, and the patent number is 200820133685.7 2.6 EasyManage Arranging configuration through powerful NetNumen, for example in-batch configuration management, in-batch version update, automatic topology discovery and digital optical module management. 2.7 EasyOAM Designed by ZTE’s powerful IC design team, it can check 8K OAM links per 3.3ms. So that, real end-to-end 50ms carrier-class switchover for reliability guarantee can be implemented. 2.8 EasyUpdate Enhanced service subcards are configured to 4 subcards in 3952E, including integration of the network processor with TM service; support more powerful security chip. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 9 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3 Functionality 3.1 Basic Services ZXR10 3900E series Ethernet switches consist of 3 models: ZXR10 3928E, ZXR10 3928E-FI and ZXR10 3952E. Three models use the same solution. ZXR10 3900E realizes wire-speed L2/L3 switching, giving extensive support to multiple sorts of protocol and offering different services. 3.1.1 MAC Address Management MAC(Media Access Control)is the hardware label of network equipment. The switch implements message forwarding according to MAC address. As an exclusive tag, MAC address ensures the correct forwarding of messages. Each switch takes care of a MAC address table. In this table, MAC address and switch port are corresponding one by one. When the switch receives data, it will find out if this data should be filtered or forwarded to the corresponding switch port in terms of MAC address table. MAC address table is the foundation and premise for switch to implement fast forwarding. ZXR10 3900E series realizes the following MAC services:  MAC Address Fixation When the network is operated steadily for a while, the locations of the equipment linking to all ports of the switch are fixed. In other words, the ports corresponding to all equipment’s MAC address in switch MAC address table are fixed, so the learnt MAC address can be fixed. MAC address fixation actually changes all dynamic MAC addresses to static mode. After the conversion, these MAC addresses will not join in aging process. At the same time, if the data from whose source MAC address are these addresses appears on other ports, the switch will not have any chance to learn again any more. 10 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Port Binding MAC Address It is capable of adding dynamic, static and permanent MAC addresses in MAC address table. For static or permanent MAC address, the relationship between MAC address and port is fixed. This relationship will not stop until it is removed manually.  Restrict the Number of Port MAC Address The capacity of switch MAC address is limited. When the number of the user in the network reaches the limitation of the MAC address table, we can restrict the number of the learnt MAC address that the port of the users with low priority is. By restricting port MAC address, MAC address flooding which easily causes MAC address table overflow can be avoided.  Port MAC Address Learning Protection When abnormity of one port MAC address learning is found, the switch will protect this port MAC address learning for a while. As soon as the port goes into protection mode, it will not carry out any new MAC address learning; when the protection is due, the port can implement MAC learning again.  The Filtering of Port Unknown MAC Address In default mode, the filtering service of unknown MAC address of switch port is disabled. The port does not filter unknown MAC address. If unknown MAC address filtering service is configured on one port of the switch, the corresponding port will discard and learn the packets with the unknown MAC address got by this port.  MAC Address Filtering The data filtering in terms of MAC address consists of the following three modes;  Only match the source MAC address of the data, i.e. if the source MAC address of the data is the set MAC address, then carries out the filtering.  Only match the destination MAC address of the data, i.e. if the destination MAC address of the data is the set MAC address, then carries out the filtering. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 11 ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Match the source or destination MAC address of the data, i.e. if the source or destination MAC address of the data is the set MAC address, then carries out the filtering. 3.1.2 VLAN ZXR10 3900E series has basic L2/L3 switching functions. The forwarding carried out in data link layer realizes the classification of virtual working group by supporting IEEE 802.1Q protocol. ZXR10 3900E series supports multiple ways to classify VLAN, i.e. the classification based upon equipment port, or the classification based upon the host MAC address and the network layer information of user’s message. 3.1.2.1 Port-Based VLAN The port-based VLAN classification is simple and popular. It allocates different ports of the equipment with different VLAN, so that all traffics received by these ports belong to the VLAN corresponding to this port. For example, port 1, 2 and 3 belong to the same VLAN, other ports belong to other VLANs, as a result, and the frame received b port 1 only delivers on port 2 and port 3. If the VLAN user moves to a new place, it will not belong to its original VLAN unless it is allocated with a new VLAN. 3.1.2.2 Protocol–Based VLAN Protocol-based VLAN is flexible, so it is suitable for L3 or network with rich protocols. Protocol-based VLAN is classified in terms of data packet’s network layer encapsulation protocol, so the labels with the same data packet are in the same protocol VLAN. This VLAN based upon network layer protocol enables broadcasting domain to cross multiple VLAN switch. Therefore, users can move freely in the network, and its VLAN membership will still remain. Via this method, even user changes its location, he does not have to reconfigure its VLAN. Besides, it can classify VLAN according to protocol type. Without requiring additional frame label to mark VLAN, this method reduces network communications. 12 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Protocol VLAN is set “enable” on the physical interface, and it can be disabled as customer requires. It only classifies VLAN according to data packet label. It isolates packets with different labels. 3.1.2.3 Subnet VLAN Subnet VLAN is implemented in L2 VLAN, realizing data frame forwarding. Subnet VLAN determines the corresponding VLAN data will be forwarding according to the source IP address of the data frame. This VLAN based upon the source IP address enables users in different network segments cross multiple VLAN forwarding. But their VLAN membership will still remain. Subnet VLAN isolates data with different source IP addresses. So users can only get data from the same network segment. The priority for UNTAG frame to forward subnet VLAN is higher than protocol VLAN and PVID, TAG frame is forwarded in TAG mode, and its priority is higher than subnet VLAN. 3.1.2.4 PVLAN All the servers are in one sub-net, but they can only communicate with their default gateways. This new VLAN feature is Private VLAN. In the concept of Private VLAN, there are three types of ports of the switch: Isolated port, Community port and Promiscuous port. They correspond to different VLAN types respectively: Isolated port belongs to Isolated PVLAN, Community port belongs to Community PVLAN, while Primary VLAN represents one complete Private VLAN. The first two types of VLANs must be bound with it, and it also includes Promiscuous port. In the Isolated PVLAN, an isolated port can only communicate with a Promiscuous port, but it cannot exchange traffic with another isolated port. In the Community PVLAN, a Community port can communicate with not only a Promiscuous port but also another Community port. The Promiscuous port is connected to an interface of a router or L3 switch. The traffic it receives can be sent to the isolated port or Community port. The application of the PVLAN is very effective in ensuring the security of the data communication in the network. A user only needs to connect its default gateway. One PVLAN can provide connections with L2 data communication security without multiple VLAN and IP subnet. All the users are connected to the PVLAN, so they are connected ZTE Confidential Proprietary 13 ZXR10 3900E Product Description to the default gateway, without access between any other users in the PVLAN. The PVLAN function ensures that the ports on one VLAN do not communicate with each other, but they can pass through the Trunk port. This way, even the broadcast of one user in a VLAN will not affect another user in the same VLAN. The PVLAN does not need the support of the protocol packets, and this can be implemented on the ZXR10 3900E simply through static configuration. 3.1.2.5 VLAN Translation VLAN translation is also an expansion of the VLAN function. If one port of the switch has the VLAN translation function enabled, the incoming data streams from that port must be tagged. The VLAN translation function looks up in the MAC - VLAN table for a new VID by using the VID contained in the port No. + tag as the index, and then the data traffic will be exchanged in the new VLAN. This is the process of translation from one VLAN to another. The VLAN translation itself does not need the support of the protocol packets, and it can be implemented on the ZXR10 3900E simply through static configuration. However, it should be noted that if the VLAN translation function is started, the VLANs cannot be differentiated based on MAC addresses. On the contrary, if the VLANs need to be differentiated based on MAC addresses, the VLAN translation function should be disabled. 3.1.2.6 Super VLAN The traditional ISP network allocates each user an IP subnet. There are three IP addresses used as subnet network number, broadcasting address and default gateway respectively when every subnet is allocated. If there are lots of IP address remained in some users’ subnet, they cannot be used by other users either. This method may waste a great number of IP addresses. SuperVLAN solves this issue perfectly by aggregating multiple VLANs (normally called sub-VLAN) to one SuperVLAN. These VLANs use the same IP subnet and default network gateway. 14 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Via SuperVLAN technology, ISP only needs to allocate one IP subnet to SuperVLAN, and create one sub-VLAN to each user. All sub-VLANs can allocate IP addresses in the subnet of SuperVLAN flexibly. They use the default gateway of SuperVLAN. Each VLAN is an independent broadcasting domain, making sure the isolation of different users. Different VLAN use SuperVLAN to route and communicate with each other. 3.1.2.7 QinQ QinQ, also known as multi-layer VLAN tag stacking, is a vivid name for the tunnel protocol based on 802.1Q encapsulation. Its core idea is to encapsulate the private VLAN tag into the public VLAN tag, so the packets pass through the backbone network with two tags, offering the users with a simple L2 VPN tunnel. The QinQ protocol is a simple while easy to manage protocol, since it does not require the support of the protocol packets, but can be implemented through static configuration only, making it especially suitable for the switches on the convergence layer. By supporting QinQ (double tags), the switches on the convergence layer can effectively increase the number of VLANs in the MAN. At present, IEEE is developing the specification for VLAN stacking, that is, 802.1ad-Provider Bridge. The external layer VLAN is defined as Service VLAN-SVLAN, which is still a draft now. In the software system of the 3900E, the QinQ software function module only implements the static configuration of the QinQ, and then the chip must be set correctly. In QinQ, there are two forms of VLANs: SVLAN (Service VLAN): VLAN defined on the backbone network. CVLAN (Customers VLAN): User-defined VLAN. The QinQ software function module has one attribute added in the VLAN table, to indicate whether the VLAN is a SVLAN or CVLAN, and the bottom-layer driver interface function is used to set the QinQ function of the chip. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 15 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.1.3 SVLAN SVLAN is also called flexible QinQ. It’s the development and enhancement of QinQ. Original QinQ can only implement port-based outer layer label addition. It’s not flexible in application. SVLAN can tag packets with different S-Tag label selectively based on port and C-Tag. To keep client packet COS, it can duplicate 802.1p field in inner layer label to outer layer label to keep user QoS continuity. Compared with QinQ, SVLAN has enhanced function of network user location, which enables QinQ to better support PUPV (one VLAN per user) and PSPV (one VLAN per service). It is easy for carrier’s operation and maintenance management. The most typical application is Triple Play service in broadband to the home. SVLAN can perfectly solve the problem of user location separation and service differentiation in broadband network. It can implement operation and maintenance management for one VLAN per user, which brings great convenience to network management and maintenance. ZTE is always an advocator of this technology and takes the leading position in the industry. ZXR10 39E series switch supports SVLAN with the following applications and functions: Being able to distinguish different service VLAN at one port and tag different outer layer label based on different service requirements. Being able to implement coexistence of VLAN transparent transmission and QinQ service at port; being able to keep user label unchanged without adding new label to user label when some VLAN packets are going through switch. Being able to duplicate 802.1p field in user label to outer layer label to guarantee that user’s service level is kept unchanged in QinQ network so as to keep the consistency of QoS of user service. IEEE802.1ad specifies that S-Tag Ethernet type is 0x88A8 and C-Tag Ethernet type is 0x8100. ZTE switch supports C-Tag and S-Tag Ethernet type at any designated port. SVALN has following applications in the network: 16 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description SVLAN is applied in user location separation and service differentiation in network and Triple Play service in family broadband. SVALN QinQ can solve traditional 4096 VLAN resource shortage problem so as to truly implement PUPV and PSPV. 3.1.4 STP/RSTP STP is used to detect and eliminate the loops between the L2 switching functional units, and provide redundancy links, for enhanced performance and reliability of the LAN. This module performs the following two major functions:  Avoids network loop, prevents LAN broadcast storm due to such loop, and provides redundant paths for backup.  Detects the changes of the topology structure, and configures the spanning tree topology again according to the change so detected. After the switch in a subnet executes the STP, it will form a spanning tree dynamic topology structure, where there is no loop between any workstations in the LAN, thus preventing broadcast storm. At the same time, the STP also detects the changes of the topology, and creates a new spanning tree when the topology changes, providing some fault tolerance and allowing the re-configuration of the topology of the spanning tree. According to the status information of the dynamic topology of the spanning tree, the switch maintains and updates the MAC routing table, and finally implements routing on the MAC layer. The STP is designed to allow the switch to dynamically detect one loop-less sub-set (tree) of the topology and ensure adequate connectivity, so that there is always a path between two LANs as long as physically possible. According to the principles of the graph theory, any route graph containing nodes and connection nodes has a spanning tree of the routes that ensure the connectivity to the destination but have no loop. Therefore, the spanning tree algorithm and protocol can avoid loops in any dynamic topology, and can eliminate those loops between any two workstations. The Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) defined by IEEE802.1s is compatible with the RSTP defined by IEEE802.1w and the common STP defined by IEEE802.1D. Therefore, the spanning tree module only needs to implement the MSTP. When MSTP is ZTE Confidential Proprietary 17 ZXR10 3900E Product Description enabled, it can be forcedly set to RSTP or STP, so mixed networking applications of STP and RSTP are supported. In addition, there is the need for supporting the enabling of SPT on the aggregated links and supporting the enabling of STP based on ports. The ZXR10 3900E support STP, RSTP, and MSTP, as well as the mixed network applications described above. 3.1.5 Link Aggregation Link aggregation is the process where the physical link segments with the same media type and same transmission rate are bundled together, and appear as one link logically. It allows the parallel physical links between the switches or between the switches and servers to multiplying the bandwidth. As a result, it becomes an import technology in broadening link bandwidth and creating link transmission flexibility and redundancy. In Gigabit Ethernet, link aggregation can be used to create multi gigabit connections. It can also be used to create faster logic links in fast Ethernet. Link aggregation offers good protection, since the communication can be rapidly switched to the normal links when some links fail. The ZXR10 3900E implement the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) defined by the IEEE802.3ad, support link aggregation for FE and GE ports. 3.1.6 Basic Ethernet Features ZXR10 3900E series supports the following basic Ethernet features:  Port mirroring Port mirroring service can replicate the data of one or more than more ports (reflector port)on the switch to a designated destination port (monitoring port). The monitoring port can get the data on these reflector ports via mirroring image, so that, it can carry out network traffic analysis and failure diagnosis. Also, it supports remote SPAN(RSPAN).  18 Broadcasting storm suppression ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description It can restrict the number of broadcasting message allowed to pass Ethernet port per second. When the broadcasting traffic exceeds the value user set, the system discards the broadcasting traffic to control it to a reasonable scale. In this way, it effectively suppresses broadcasting storm, avoids network congestion and ensures normal service operation. The broadcasting storm suppression is set based upon speed, i.e. the smaller the speed is, the less broadcasting traffic is allowed to pass.  Support the configuration of port speed, duplex mode, and self adoption  Support circuit diagnosis analysis test ZXR10 3900E series supports Cable diagnosis analysis test, via which the abnormities of the links between cables can be inspected. Besides, it can accurately find the location of Cable failure, which gives conveniences to network management and failure location. 1000M Ethernet electrical interface uses network cable to connect other devices. There are four pairs of twisted-pair cable, so when the device is working with 100M interface, 1-2 and 3-6 cable are used. And when 1000M mode is used, 1-2, 3-6, 4-5 and 7-8 cables should be all used. The cable can inspect the status of each pair of twisted-pair cable, including: 3.1.7  Open: open circuit  Short: short circuit  Good: good circuit  Broken: open or short circuit  Unknown: unknown result or no result  Crosstalk: coupling circuit  Fail: failed inspection IGMP Snooping The IGMP Snooping maintains the relationship between the multicast address and the table of the LAN by listening to the IGMP packets communicated between the user and ZTE Confidential Proprietary 19 ZXR10 3900E Product Description the router. It maps the members of a multicast group into a VLAN. After receiving the multicast packets, it forwards them only to the VLAN members in that multicast group. IGMP Snooping and IGMP are the same in that they are both used for managing and controlling the multicast groups through IGMP messages. However, they differ in that IGMP runs on the network layer, while IGMP Snooping runs on the link layer. When the switch receives IGMP packets, IGMP Snooping will parse the information contained in them and establish and maintain a MAC multicast address table on L2. When IGMP Snooping is enabled on the ZXR10 3900E, multicast packets are multicast on L2. When no IGMP Snooping is enabled, multicast packets will be broadcast on L2. 3.1.8 IPv4 Multicast Route IP multicast route technology realizes single point-to multipoint fast data transmission in IP network. IP multicast service can efficiently save network bandwidth, reduce network load, so it is widely used in resource discovery, multimedia conference, data copy, real-time data transmission, E-Game and emulation services. Multicast protocol consists of inner and intra domain protocols, where intra-domain protocol contains MBGP and MSDP, etc. and inner-domain protocol includes PIM-SM, PIM-DM and DVMRP, etc. the inner-domain protocol is mainly classified into two categories, one is sparse-mode multicast routing protocol including PIM-SM, and the other is dense-mode multicast routing protocol with PIM-DM and DVMRP included. Currently, the most practical multicast protocol is PIM-SM. PIM-SM uses multicast sink display join-in mechanism to build sharing spanning tree in order to distribute multicast data messages. In a certain circumstance, sink can also be switched over to the shortest path tree. Besides, PIM-SM is independent from unicast routing protocol, instead of relying on a special unicast routing protocol it uses unicast routing table to inspect RPF. PIM-SM is more suitable for the network with multicast members at the end of WAN (Wide Area Network) link; in addition, PIM-SM allows SPT, so it shortens the latency caused by using sharing tree. In a word, PIM-SM is usually the optimal multicast routing protocol used in the multicast network. ZXR10 3900E series can completely support PIM-SM, and provide integrated multicast solutions. 20 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.1.9 IPv4 Route In the network where ZXR10 3900E is used, user not only requires L2 switching, but also demands L3 route forwarding service. ZXR10 3900E series completely supports multiple sorts of unicast routing protocol and route-based wire-speed forwarding. ZXR10 3900E series supports the following IPv4 unicast routing features:  Support static route. It is configured by administrator manually to simplify network configuration and enhance network performance. The static route is suitable for medium-sized network or simple network configuration.  Support IPv4-based dynamic routing protocols including RIP, OSPF, IS-IS and BGP. It adapts to the change of network topology, upgrades route dynamically, so it is suitable for large-scale network with complicated networking topology.  Support policy route. It enables data packet to be forwarding as per user’s designated policies. The policy route in some way realizes traffic engineering, which enables traffics with different service quality or different features(e.g. voice service and FTP)follow different paths. 3.2 3.2.1 Value-Added Service Cluster Management Cluster refers to an aggregation formed by a group of switch in a particular broadcasting domain. This group of switch composes a unified management domain, providing a public IP address and management interface outside. Also it offers management and access capability to each member in the cluster. The management switch responsible for configuring public IP address is called command switch, and other managed switches are named member switch. Normally, the member switch does not have public IP addresses; instead it uses DHCP-similar service of the command switch to distribute private address. The command switch and member switch compose cluster together (Private Network). ZTE Confidential Proprietary 21 ZXR10 3900E Product Description The isolation of broadcasting domain between public network and private network is proposed to be done on the command switch. Isolating the direct access to the private address, the command switch provides a management maintenance tunnel outside to implement integrated cluster management. Figure 3-1 The Network Topology of Cluster Management TFTP Server 110.1.1.2 NM 110.1.1.1 Public networks 100.1.1.10 Inside Inside cluster Command cluster ip pool switch networks 192.168.1.0/24 Member Member switch switch Member switch Member switch Outside cluster Member switch Candidate switch The broadcasting domain of one cluster is normally composed by four roles of switch: command switch, member switch, candidate switch and independent switch. 22 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Figure 3-2 The Rules for Switch Role Conversion Member swi t ch Del et e f r om cl ust er Dest i ned f or i ndependent swi t ch Joi n cl ut er Candi dat e swi t ch Dest i ned f or candi dat e swi t ch Dest i ned f or i ndependent swi t ch Dest i ned f or Dest i ned f or candi daat e command swi t ch Dest i ned f or swi t ch( no member ) i ndependent swi t ch( no member ) Command swt i ch I ndependent swi t ch Dest i ned f or command swi t ch There’s only one command switch in one cluster. The command switch can collect equipment topology automatically, and set up cluster. After building the cluster, the command switch provides a management tunnel for the cluster to manage the member switch. Before joining in the cluster, the member switch is the candidate switch. And the switch that does not support cluster management is called the independent switch. The networking topology of the cluster management is as shown in Figure 3-1. The rules for the conversion of four-role switches in the cluster are as shown in Figure 3-2. 3.2.2 Ring Protection ZTE Ethernet Switch Ring (ZESR) based upon EAPS principle of rfc3619 protocol makes some progresses. ZESR detects whether the ring is connected and guarantees there is only one logically connected path between any two nodes on the ring. It re-sets port state as blocked or forwarding based on ring changes (connected -> broken, broken -> connected) to quickly switch the logic path. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 23 ZXR10 3900E Product Description ZESR is suitable for multiple rings and multiple domains. Multiple rings are referred to in terms of network topology layers. Each layer is a ring. There are two access points on lower layer access ring to connect with higher layer access ring. The network topology is considered as an individual ring. A ring tangent with it is not a part of it but a part of another. The ring on the higher layer is called the main ring. Others are access rings. Multiple domains indicate there are multiple protecting instances on one ring which are suitable for different service VLAN. They have different logic paths and are independent from each other. 3.2.3 ZTE Ethernet Smart Switch As figure 3-3 shows that, node 1 supports ZESS service. Port 1 is the master port and port 2 is the standby port. When node 1 inspects that both the master and standby ports are in UP mode, it will disable the service VLAN protection forwarding service of the standby port; when node 1 finds the master port is Down, it will block VLAN forwarding service of the master port, and enable VLAN forwarding service of the standby port; when node 1 inspects that the master port resumes to UP mode, the inverted and uninverted modes can be chosen. In inverted mode, the master port is opened and the standby port is blocked again. In uninverted mode, the master port keeps blocked mode, and the standby port is open. In addition, when ZESS takes action, FDB of the blocked port should be updated. Figure 3-3 The networking topology of ZESS Upper network Node 3 Node 2 Slave port Master port Node 1 24 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.2.4 Security Feature ZXR10 3900E provides users with rich security features, providing multi-dimensional protection in control layer, data layer, and management layer of the device. On data layer, the device provides address change scanning attack prevention, broadcast multicast packet rate restriction, port security protection, MAC address table and ARP binding, DHCP Snooping, IDS association etc. The control layer provides multiple layers of CPU packet receiving, interface address conflict detection, network topology change attack prevention, BPDU protection and root bridge protection, and routing protocol encryption anti-attack protection. Management layer provides hierarchical user management, user password encryption, and SSH. 3.2.5 TR101 Feature TR101 issued by Broadband Forum (the original DSL Forum) in April 2006 is a technical demand report satisfying broadband access network. In terms of TR-025 and TR-059 architectures, TR101 proposes a way to enable ATM aggregation network to access Ethernet aggregation network, also it raises an Ethernet-based topology model that meets the requirements of TR-058 operation. And it gives the specific requirements of BRAS devices in access aggregation network, the migration, interconnection, QoS, multicast, security and OAM of all AN nodes. All mainstream carriers in Europe ask their access and aggregation switches to satisfy TR101. ZTE follows this demand and tries its best to make the product more satisfied to TR101. In doing so, ZTE focuses on:  Supporting MFF and making sure the isolation of users. For Pvlan, MFF not only realizes L2 isolation, but also makes sure more secure message processing and forwarding as it saves user’s basic information. At the same time, the gateway router controls the communications of all users in the same network segment of L2, which further enhances network security. Centralized management can be realized.  In addition to give support to DHCP option82, it can also inspect the messages that DHCP server returns to customers. And the messages are forwarding as per port ZTE Confidential Proprietary 25 ZXR10 3900E Product Description accurately, which prevents other people from getting customer’s individual information.  Supporting IGMP topology discovery. IGMP module when encounters topology change can actively send inspection information to accelerate multicast congestion.  3.2.6 Adding IGMP statistical information. Support External Alarm Input and Output ZXR10 3900E as shown in Figure 3-4 totally supports 3-line alarm input and 5-line control output. Figure 3-4 Alarm Interface Blue indicates alarm input and red means control output. As figure 3-4 shows, if the power supply device connecting to alarm interface of the switch has some problems, the switch will get signal sent by the alarm input mechanism to show level switch, and then the switch will take some actions. For example, it can send warnings to upper monitoring server via network management interface; also it can control and reset the power supply device via control input mechanism. 3.2.7 VCT VCT (Virtual Cable Test) is a cable fault testing function based on hardware. It uses TDR (Time Domain Reflector) to implement cable diagnosis. It can provide cable error state 26 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description such as open circuit, short circuit, un-matching impedance, normal cable etc. It can provide cable fault point distance. ZTE ZXR10 39E series Ethernet switch uses VCT to maintain cable from remote. It can measure faults of short circuit and broken circuit with fault point error within 1 meter. ZXR10 39E series Ethernet switch can automatically get rid of user-side configuration error factors by VCT cable test, so as to further locate the specific device, port and fault cable distance. Most faults can be located and removed at network management center to reduce network maintenance workload, so as to reduce the difficulty and cost of operation and maintenance. 3.2.8 SFP DOM DOM (Digital Optical Monitoring) is a part of optical module. The optical module supporting DOM service can get temperature, voltage, current and the power consumption in processing traffic. In addition, each optical module is set with some threshold in operation (including alarm threshold and warning threshold). After initiating DOM service, the operating status can be polled via 12C bus of the optical module, and compare the status with the preset threshold. When the value exceeds the threshold, syslog and SNMP trap modes can be used to send warnings. 3.2.9 SFlow With the increasing development of network services in commercial environment, the existing network becomes bigger and bigger. As there are more and more devices and traffics in the network, the cost in carrying out network maintenance is higher and higher. So how to manage network equipment efficiently and how to implement real-time traffic monitoring and analysis have become more and more important to carriers. Currently, vendors provide multiple network traffic monitoring technologies respectively. But most of these traffic monitoring technologies are private or build based upon hardware. sFlow currently is the standard traffic monitoring technology listed by IETF, it requires simpler hardware, less resource and more universal technology, as a result, it has been implemented by many vendors. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 27 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Figure 3-5 Basic Architecture of SFlow sFlow services are mainly composed by three parts: sFlow message sampling unit, sFlow proxy unit, and sFlow analyzer. Usually, the sampling and proxy units of sFlow are integrated in network device, and sFlow analyzer is built at the exterior of the system, analyzing multiple sFlow proxy messages in the network. The entire system is basically as shown in figure 3-5. sFlow sampling unit is the basic part of sFlow mechanism. It samples messages over the network interface that supports sFlow, and then it will send the messages to sFlow proxy unit for processing. sFlow Collector implements sFlow management, monitoring, collection and analysis. It is responsible for saving and analyzing messages from all sFlow Agent. Then it will give analysis report on traffic and service. 3.2.10 ACL To filter data, a series of matching rules need to be configured for network device to identify the objects needs filtering. When particular object is identified, corresponding data packets are permitted or prohibited based on the pre-set policy. ACL (Access Control List) can implement all these functions. Adopting packet filtering, ACL reads information in header of packets of L2, L3 and L4 such as source address, destination address, source port, and destination port. It filters packets based on the pre-defined rules and implements access control. 28 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Usually ACL is adopted to implement data packets filtering, policy routing and special traffic control. An ACL contains one or multiple rules for special types of data packets. The rules inform switch whether to permit or reject data packets that match the selecting standards specified in the rules. The data packets matching rules defined by ACL can be imported to other occasions where traffic needs classifying, for example, in QoS to define the traffic classification rules. The ACL of ZXR10 3900E switch falls into four categories: standard ACL, expanded ACL, L2 ACL, and hybrid ACL. Standard ACL only filters L3 IP source addresses. In practice, most ACLs are filtered based on IP resource addresses. The limitation for standard ACL is that it can only filter source IP address. If the network administrator wants to restrict the access of employees for Internet resource of particular websites or TCP ports, he cannot achieve this by standard ACL. He has to choose other types of ACL. The expanded ACL filters the header fields of the IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP protocols. These fields include source IP address, destination IP address, protocol No., ToS, Precedence, DSCP, and Fragment. The fields of the TCP header include source port, destination port and Established. The fields of the UDP header include source port and destination port. The fields of the ICMP header include Type and Code. The expanded ACL meets more complicated requirements and makes smaller traffic classification by filtering the multiple fields in the L3 and L4 packets. Thus this type of ACL can be applied in QoS traffic classification. L2 ACL mainly filters the fields in the L2 header, including source MAC, destination MAC, Ethernet protocol type, VLAN label and VLAN priority. L2 ACL is mainly used in the access control on the same network segment. When it is not necessary to know the IP address or a protocol rather than the IP is used, some network resources can be protected by filtering the L2 MAC addresses and VLAN labels. The hybrid ACL is capable of filtering packet headers of L2, L3 and L4. The fields filtered on L2 include VLAN label, source MAC address and destination MAC address. The fields filtered on L3 include source IP address, destination IP address, and IP protocol ID. The fields filtered on L4 include source port and destination port. The hybrid ACL combines the characteristics of the expanded ACL and L2 ACL. The filtering based on the IP ZTE Confidential Proprietary 29 ZXR10 3900E Product Description address and MAC address bound together can be used to further implement controlled access to the network resources. 3.2.11 QoS Traditional network provides try-best service which treat all messages equally. Network device based upon the coming sequence tries its best to deliver the message to its destination. However, this method cannot guarantee the reliability and latency in the course of transport. Together with the booming development of new implementations, there are new requirements for network service quality, so traditional “Try-Best” service can not fit the implementation. For example, the latency of delivery of services likes VoIP service and real-time video transport may disable customer’s normal implementation. Guaranteed QoS support in network is the most considerate way to solve this problem. QoS provides different service quality in terms of different implementations, e.g. provide particular bandwidth to reduce packet loss, decrease latency and jitter in delivering messages. As a result, QoS provides the following services: 30  Traffic Classification  Traffic Policing  Traffic Shaping  Queue Scheduling and Default 802.1p priority  Reroute and policy route  Priority Marking  Port Mirroring  Traffic Statistics ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.2.11.1 Traffic Classification Traffic refers the packets passing by the switch. Traffic classification actually referring to the classification of the packets passing by the switch defines or describes messages with some features. QoS traffic classification is based upon ACL whose rule must be permit. User can classify packets according to some ACL options, e.g. the source IP message, destination IP address, source MAC address, destination MAC address, IP protocol type, TCP source port number, TCP destination port number, UDP source port number, UDP destination port, ICMP type, ICMP Code, DSCP, ToS, precedence, IN VLAN ID, Out Vlan ID and 802.1p precedence. 3.2.11.2 Traffic Policing Traffic policing is the restriction to certain traffic to prevent it from exceeding the stated bandwidth. For the exceeding part, the following measures can be carried out:  Discard or forward  Change its DSCP value  Change its discarding precedence (messages with high priority will be discarded firstly) Traffic policing will not cause extra latency. Its working procedures as shown in Figure 3-6. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 31 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Figure 3-6 ZXR10 The Working Procedure of Traffic Policing 3900E series implements Single Rate Three Color Marker(RFC2697) and Two Rate Three Color Marker(RFC2698) services. Both algorithms support Color-Blind and Color-Aware modes. Meter works in two modes: in Color-Blind mode, it supposes the packet is colorless; however in Color-Aware mode, it supposes the packet is colored. On the switch, every packet passing by the switch will be distributed with a color in terms of a certain principle (data packet information). Maker colors these IP packets according to the results Meter gets, and these colors will be marked in DS domain. In the following, two marking algorithms are introduced.  SrTCM This algorithm is used in Diffserv traffic conditioner. SrTCM measures traffics and mark packets as per three traffic parameters, i.e. Committed Information Rate (CIR), Committed Burst Size (CBS) and Excess Burst Size (EBS). These three parameters are called green, yellow and red mark. The packet after passing the ingress policing gets tokens from CBS bucket, if so, the packet is in green. If it cannot get tokens from CBS bucket, it will get tokens from EBS bucket, and the packet will be in yellow. If it cannot get tokens from EBS bucket, the packet is in red. In default, red packets are discarded.  32 TrTCM ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description This algorithm is used in Diffserv traffic conditioner. trTCM measures IP traffic and colors the packets in green, yellow and red according to two speed rate (Peak Information Rate PIR and Committed Information Rate,CIR ), as well as their CBS and PBS. If the packet number exceeds PIR, it will be colored in red. Otherwise, traffic exceeding CIR will be colored in yellow, and the traffic that does not exceed CIR will be marked in green. 3.2.11.3 Traffic Shaping The traffic shaping is actually the control of the speed of the output message, which enables the message to go out evenly. Traffic shaping is usually used to match message speed with downstream devices, and avoid congestion and message loss. The major differences between traffic shaping and traffic policing are: traffic shaping is the buffer of the messages that exceeds speed restriction, which ensures the messages are delivered evenly. However, traffic policing is responsible for discarding the messages whose speed exceeds the speed restriction. Traffic shaping will bring in extra latency, but traffic policing won’t. 3.2.11.4 Queue Scheduling and Default 802.1p Priority Each physical port of ZXR10 supports 8 output queues (Queue 0~7), called CoS queue. The switch implements ingress output queue processing according to the relevant CoS queue of message 802.1p. When network congestion happens, multiple messages will fight for limited resources. And usually queue scheduling is used to solve this problem. ZXR10 3900E series supports two queue scheduling modes: SP and WRR. 8 output queues of the port can use different modes. Strict Priority(SP) SP schedules packets of all queues strictly according to the queue priority. First of all, the packets with the highest priority will be sent firstly. And the packets whose priority is a little lower than the first ones won’t be sent until all prepreerence packets gone. Following the same principle, the later messages will be forwarded according to their precedences. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 33 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Strict priority mechanism enables the key messages to be processed firstly, which guarantees the service quality of the key services. But, queues with low priorities may never be processed.  Weighted Round Ring(WRR) WRR enables every queue to be scheduled. But queues are scheduled at different times, i.e. due to different weights (weights show the resource each queue takes up); messages with high priority have more opportunities to be scheduled than the one with low priority. 802.1 labels consist of data priority. If messages accessing the port do not have 802.1p label, the switch give it a default one. 3.2.11.5 Reroute and Policy Route Reroute means to make new decisions in terms of traffic classification to the forwarding of messages that have some attributes. So that, the message goes out in other directions, i.e. it is delivered to the appointed port, CPU or next-hop IP address. Reroute the message to the next-hop IP address can realized policy route. For message forwarding control, policy-based route is more powerful than traditional route in controlling aspect. It can choose forwarding path according to the matched field in ACL. Policy route can in some way realized traffic engineering, which enables streams with different quality and different services (e.g. voice and FTP) follow different ways. Users now have more and more requirements for network performance, so the selection of packet forwarding path according to services or user classification is very necessary. 3.2.11.6 Priority Marking Priority marking is to reallocate a set of service parameters to special streams ACL describes. The following processing can be carried out: 34  Change CoS queue of data message, and change 802.1p value  Change CoS queue of data message, and remain 802.1p value ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Change DSCP value of data message  Change priorities for discarding message 3.2.12 Port Mirroring Port mirroring can automatically copy the traffic of one port to another, so that the network administrator can real-timely analyze the port traffic for detecting network fault, offering a monitoring means for network management personnel. For the ZXR10 3900E, any port can be configured as a mirror port. Mirroring is also possible between the ports operating at different rates. It is also possible to mirror the traffic of multiple ports to one port, and mirroring can be enabled in multiple mirror groups. 3.2.13 Traffic Statistics Traffic statistics service is used to calculate service packets, so that real network status can be known for further reasonable network resource distribution. Traffic statistics mainly refers to the number of the packet ingress port receives. 3.2.14 NTP NTP (Network Time Protocol) is a time synchronous protocol used between different network members. Its transport is based upon UDP. The devices implementing NTP adjust system clocks automatically by exchanging NTP messages. In this way, they keep their clock the same. ZXR10 3900E can be deployed as NTP Client in real network application. 3.2.15 RADIUS RADIUS(Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) is a standard AAA(Authorization, Authentication, Accounting) protocol. For router, AAA can authenticate users accessing routing switch to prevent illegal users from accessing. At the same time, services like DOT1X also needs to use RADIUS for authentication and accounting. Currently, ZXR10 3900E supports RADIUS authentication service. It can provide accessed routing switch with Telnet user authentication. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 35 ZXR10 3900E Product Description ZXR10 3900E supports multiple RADIUS server groups. Each RADIUS is allowed to configure 3 authentication servers. Each group can set the time for setting server and the time for resetting. The administrator is capable of configuring different RADIUS group to choose specific RADIUS server. 3.2.16 SNMP The SNMP subsystem implements the SNMP AGENT function, and supports all the protocol operations of the SNMP agent specified in SNMP V1 /V2c/V3. The protocol operations of SNMPv1 are:  get-request  get-next-request  get-response  set-request  Trap The protocol operations of SNMPv2 are:  get-request  get-next-request  get-bulk-request response  set-request  inform-request  snmpV2-trap The Management Information Library (MIB) is described by using SMIv1 and SMIv2. The MIB consists of the following parts:  36 Management objects supported by the core router ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Management objects of the routing protocol  Management objects of the network management protocol  Management objects of the TCP/IP support protocol  Management objects of the high-speed network interface  Management objects of important data and configuration parameters  Management objects compatible with SMIv1  System configuration parameters  Other protocol management objects The related software subsystems are integrated with the related sub-agent functions. 3.2.17 RMON We can use RMON (Remote Monitoring) to keep an eye on remote services. By using RMON, data collection and processing are done by a remote inspector, i.e. routing switch system. The routing switch at the same time contains a RMON proxy software handling communication by SNMP and network management. Usually, information only goes from routing switch to network management system when special requirements are raised. 3.2.18 DOT1X The 802.1X is a Client/Server-based access control and authentication protocol. It authenticates the user devices connected to the system ports and determines whether to allow the users to access the services provided by the system through the ports, to prevent unauthorized data transfer between the users and the services provided by the system. The access control of the 802.1X first only allows the EAPOL frames to pass the ports to which the user devices are connected. Other data are not allowed to pass the ports unless the authentication is passed. With the 802.1X, the access point at which the authenticator system is connected to the LAN has two logical ports: Controlled port and uncontrolled port. Disregard of its ZTE Confidential Proprietary 37 ZXR10 3900E Product Description authentication status, an uncontrolled port can freely exchange PDUs with other systems. A controlled port can exchange PDUs with other systems only when its status is authenticated. The PAE is an entity that runs and authenticates the related algorithms and protocols. The supplicant PAE responds to the requests from the authenticator PAE, providing the authentication information. The authenticator PAE communicates with the supplicant PAE, and sends the information received from the supplicant PAE to the authentication server, which checks such information to determine whether to allow the supplicant to access its services. The authenticator PAE relies on the authentication result to control the authorized and unauthorized status of the controlled port. The authenticator PAE exchanges protocols with the supplicant PAE via the controlled port and by using the EAPOL protocol, while communicating with the RADIUS server by using the EAPOR. The 802.1X module performs the following functions:  Supports the functions available for the authenticator.  Local authentication.  Allows the authenticator PAE to perform protocol exchange via the uncontrolled port and EAPOL.  Supports operation with the uncontrolled port by using the AuthControlledPortControl with the parameters of ForceUnauthorized, Auto, and ForceAuthorized.  Supports operation with the uncontrolled port with parameters of both AdminControlledDirections and OperControlledDirextions.  Supports periodic re-authentication of the supplicant by using a re-authentication timer.  Supports transparent transmission of 802.1x authentication packets when no authentication is enabled. 38 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.2.19 IPTV As one of the key technologies of ZTE IPTV system architecture, controllable multicast mainly implements at broadband access network side. The device implementing multicast controlling policy (BRAS, DSLAM or switch) is called multicast controlling point, which works as the terminating point of user multicast IGMP request and determines whether to duplicate multicast stream to user port based on corresponding IGMP request and control policy. The multicast controlling point near user saves more network bandwidth. As the key device implementing multicast controlling policy, multicast controlling point supports the following features: IGMP V1/V2, IGMP Snooping, IGMP Filter, IGMP Proxy, IGMP Fast leave, MVR (Multicast VLAN Register), SGR (Static Group Register), UGAC (User Group Access Control), UGAR (User Group Access Record) etc. Multicast on demand authority of user can be controlled by rule and channel binding. 3.2.20 VBAS VBAS is the short form for Virtual Broadband Access Server. It is a kind of query protocol expanded between IP-DSLAM and BRAS device. The implementation principle is that L2 point-to-point communication between BRAS and IP-DSLAM. That is to say, port information query and responding packets are directly encapsulated in L2 Ethernet data frame. Configure DSLAM corresponding to VLAN on BAS. Initiate VBAS during PPPoE calling process. That is to say, mapping user band VLAN to corresponding DSLAM. BAS actively initiate user line identity query to DSLAM, which provides BAS with responding user line identity. The local 39E series switch is DSLAM device. VBAS interaction process and implementation steps are as follows: User host broadcasting session initiates data packets to request for link establishment and waits for BAS to respond. One or multiple BAS send service providing data packets to user host if they can provide service when they receive broadcasting. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 39 ZXR10 3900E Product Description User host picks out a BAS based on certain principle and sends unicast session to request for data packets. The selected BAS generates a sole Session ID after it receives requesting of data packets by session. It enters into PPP session phase after is sends acknowledgement data packets to user host. After it sends acknowledgement data packets, BAS sends BVAS requesting data packets to DSLAM to query which physical port of DSLAM does user host MAC address is from. DSLAM sends BVAS responding data packets to BAS after it receives VBAS requesting data packets. The corresponding relationship between user host MAC address and DSLAM physical port is returned. User host holds PPP session with BAS based on Session ID after it receives acknowledge packet of selected BAS. It sends identity authentication requesting packet to BAS by LCP in a point-to-point way. BAS sends authentication requesting packets to background authentication system of broadband access service provider such as Radius Server. Authentication requesting information contains user account, password, and the physical port it locates at. Background authentication system (such as Radius Server) returns BAS authentication result responding packet. BAS returns user host authentication result responding packet. PPP connection is established if authentication is passed. The two parties can implement PPP data transmission. ZTE ZXR 10 39E series Ethernet switch VBAS protocol has advantages as follows: No need for hardware upgrade. Only software upgrade is needed for exiting IP DSLAM and BRAS with the least modifications. Only port naming is implemented for IP DSLAM. No complicated configuration for BRAS is needed. Light workload. 40 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description No need to change the existing networking. Prior investment is protected with continuity. User and IP DSLAM physical port are bound. Real-time Internet access information of user can be obtained and user port state can be obtained in advance. 3.2.21 ARP When one network device is sending data to another one, in addition to IP address of the destination equipment, it should also be clear of the MAC address of the destination equipment. ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)is made to map IP address to MAC address to make sure successful communication. When one device is communicating with an unknown device in the network, the MAC address of the unknown device will be get firstly via ARP. The specific procedures are: The source equipment broadcasts ARP requests with destination device’s IP address, and all devices in the network will receive this ARP request. If one device realizes that the request is based upon its own IP address, it will then record sender’s ARP information and send ARP response containing its MAC address to source device. In this way, the source device gets the MAC address of the destination device via this ARP response. In order to reduce ARP packet in the network and accelerate data delivery, IP address and MAC address mapping is cached in the local ARP table. When equipment is going to send data, it will firstly check ARP table according to IP address. If the MAC address of the destination equipment is found in the ARP table, there is no need to send ARP request any more. At the same time, due to the limited space in switch ARP table and the frequent changes of network equipment, the switch should renew ARP table on time (Delete the old items and add in new ones). The dynamic items in ARP table can be deleted automatically, and this course is called ARP aging. To make the network safer, ZXR10 3900E is able to change the learnt dynamic ARP to static ARP, manual static ARP and eternal ARP table item. Both static ARP and eternal ARP table item do not experience ARP aging. The eternal ARP still exist after reinitiating the switch, however the static ARP will disappear. To prevent from ARP attack, ZXR10 3900E supports ARP protection service, restricting the number of the ARP the switch or other L3 interfaces learn. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 41 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.2.22 DHCPv4 The DHCP manages the IP address and other related configuration information used on the network, to reduce the complexity in managing the address configuration. When the DHCP service is used on the network, the client and server must be in the same broadcast domain. If a network is built in this way, the ZXR10 3900E must provide the DHCP SERVER function. In another application, the DHCP server and the users are not in the same broadcast domain. The client obtains its address through transit via the ZXR10 3900E. This is what referred to as DHCP relay technically. The ZXR10 3900E implement the built-in DHCP SERVER function through the DHCP protocol, to enable the dynamic address allocation and management of the DHCP CLIENT, and at the same time provide the user management module on the destination equipment system with the appropriate service management interface for the DHCP CLIENT. They implement transparent interaction between the DHCP CLIENT and DHCP SERVER through the DHCP RELAY AGENT expansion option of the DHCP protocol, to enable the dynamic address allocation and management of the DHCP CLIENT, and at the same time provide the service management module on the destination equipment system with the appropriate service management interface for the DHCP CLIENT. ZXR10 3900E series support DHCP Client and automatic download of default configuration file via DHCP option field. Without any extra configuration, the device can get IP address, Gateway IP address, and host configuration information, etc. after receiving discovery message, DHCP server will find corresponding preserved IP address as per MAC address, and send other information for example host name, TFTP IP address, Configuration file name to DHCP client via DHCP option at the same time. Then DGCP client will download configuration file from TFTP server via this information, and then initiate new configuration file with DHCP protocol acting to download configuration file at the same time. 3.2.23 LLDP LLDP(Link Layer Discovery Protocol)is a new protocol defined in 802.1ab, which enables adjacent devices to send messages to each other, thus updates physical topology information and establishes device management information base. LLDP working process is as follows: 42 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Sends link and management information of local device to the adjacent device.  Local device receives network management information from adjacent device.  Store the network management information of adjacent device in MIB base of local device. Network management software can query L2 connection in MIB base. LLDP doesn’t work as configuration protocol for remote system, nor signaling control protocol between ports. LLDP can discover inconsistency in configuration of L2 protocol for adjacent devices, but it only reports the problem to the upper level management device without providing mechanism to solve the problem. To be simple, LLDP is a kind of neighbor discovery protocol. It defines criteria for network devices in Ethernet such as switch, router and wireless LAN access points to enable them to announce their existence to other nodes in the network and to store the discovery information of each adjacent device. For example, the information of device configuration and device identification can be declared by this protocol. LLDP defines a universal announcement information set, a protocol that transmits the announcement, and a method to store the received announcement information. The device that announces its own information can put multiple announcements in one LLDPDU (Link Layer Discovery Protocol Data Unit) to transmit them. The LLDPDU contains a series of short message unit with variable length, which is called type-length-value (TLV) with the description as follows:  Type indicates the type of the information needs to be sent.  Length indicates the bytes of the information.  Value indicates the actual information needs to be sent. Each LLDPDU contains four compulsory TLV and one optional TLV:  Device ID TLV.  Port ID TLV.  TTL TLV. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 43 ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Optional TLV.  LLDPDU end TLV. Device ID and port ID are used to identify the sender. TTL TLV notifies the receiver of the reservation period of all the information. If no update is received from the sender in this period, all related information will be dropped by the receiver. IEEE has defined a suggested update frequency of one transmission per 30 seconds. Optional TLV contains basic management TVL set (such as port description TVL), special TLV set organized by IEEE 802.1 and special TLV set organized by IEEE 802.3. LLDPDU end TLV indicates the end of LLDPDU. 3.2.24 UDLD UDLD is a L2 logic link detection protocol which can detect logic connection of Ethernet link and verify physical connection. Different from physical connection detection, UDLD detects based on neighbors. L1 devices are transparent to UDLD. Firstly UDLD needs to establish neighbor relationships. When an Ethernet interface with status of UP launches UDLD, the interface sends neighbor joining Hello message to its adjacent device. The interface launching UDLD of the adjacent device sends back an Echo message. Receiving an Echo message indicates that the device considers the two devices are interconnected. It establishes neighbor relationship with the peer-end and also sends an Echo message. Receiving this Echo message by the peer-end, neighbor relationship on the two devices are both established. After establishing neighbor relationship, they send Hello messages regularly to check whether the link works well. The device updates the buffered neighbor information stored at local and reset time for neighbor timeout. If no Hello detecting message is received until neighbor aging time, the link is considered as abnormal. Corresponding processing will be taken based on different work mode. There are two work modes for UDLD: common mode and aggressive mode. In common mode, an interface is Down only when protocols packets are received confirming link 44 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description single pass. No processing will be taken at the interface if no corresponding packets are received or link single pass cannot be affirmed. In aggressive mode, the interface is Down as long as two-way expedite link cannot be guaranteed. The common place of these two modes is that alarm will be printed as long as normal link status cannot be affirmed. Generally speaking, UDLD makes interface Down in the following situations:  In common mode, sends Hello neighbor joining message, and receives Echo message which indicates the neighbor of the peer-end is not itself.  In aggressive mode, sends Hello neighbor joining message, and receives Echo message which indicates the neighbor of the peer-end is not itself.  In aggressive mode, receives Hello neighbor joining message, and sends Echo message; but no Echo message from the peer-end is received.  In aggressive mode, all neighbors at the interface exceed the aging period, and no Hello detection message is received. When the interface is Down or other accidents occurs that leads to failure of the interface, the device needs to send a flush message to notify the adjacent L2 device to delete the information of it. Launch UDLD; if the Echo message received indicates that the neighbor of the peer-end is not itself; it’s a false connection of interface. UDLD shut down the interface whatever the mode is as shown in Figure 3-7 and Figure 3-8. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 45 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Figure 3-7 False connection of interface Device A PORT PORT TX TX RX TX RX TX RX RX PORT PORT Device B Figure 3-8 Interface down Device A TX RX TX RX TX PORT PORT PORT PORT TX RX TX RX TX PORT RX RX PORT Device B Aging time is the protocol packet sending interval (15 seconds by default) ×3. Shut down the interface if no packet is received within aging time if aggressive mode is configured. 3.2.25 VRRP By a set of detection and voting mechanisms, the VRRP protocol implements route backup in multiple access to the LAN. The protocols maintain uninterrupted services of the network system for the host equipment connected by backing up the gateway equipment in the LAN, that is, acting as the backup for the next-hop equipment on the route of the host equipment connected. The simple detection and voting mechanism provided by the VRRP can rapidly implement backup and changeover in the event of equipment failure. For ordinary configuration, this is completed in 3~5 seconds, which 46 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description basically satisfies the interrupt-ability requirements of services. In addition, there is no special requirement for the host equipment connected. Due to the limitation of the working mechanism of the VRRP, the devices working together in one VRRP group must be in the same LAN. In other words, they should not be distributed in different LANs. This way, in the now common network architectures for VLAN, the devices in one backup group must also be in one VLAN, but in one VLAN there can be multiple VRRP backup groups. 3.2.26 Ethernet OAM 3.2.26.1 802.3ah IEEE 802.3ah mainly implements link level management, taking monitoring and failure processing of point-to-point Ethernet link in the network. Sometimes “last mile detection” is just about this. Link layer OAM is mainly applied for point-to-point direct link detection. Figure 3-9 Relationship of sub-layers of OAM in ISO/IEC OSI reference mode Figure 3-9 is the location of OAM in ISO/IEC OSI reference model. Above OAM is LLC logic link control or other MAC client layer. Below OAM is MAC layer or optional MAC control sub-layer. OAM layer is optional. OAM covers the following three functions:  Remote discovery.  Remote loopback.  Link monitoring. DTE involved in OAM sub-layer supports active/passive mode. When OAM is enabled, DTE that both modes support should choose active or passive. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 47 ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Remote discovery OAM provides a mechanism to check whether remote DTE has OAM sub-layers. If discovery unsatisfied, OAM client learns that discovery is unsuccessful; and generates discovery unsuccessful alarm. There may be two reasons for unsuccessful discovery: one is that the peer-end doesn’t start OAM; the other is link connection failure. During the process of remote discovery, label domain of OAMPDU message carries urgent link event (including link failure, urgent failure and emergencies). But the particular failure definition of link failure, urgent failure and emergencies are relevant to their implementation. One way to learn about link failure via remote discovery is by OAMPDU timeout; and the other way is to define some specific urgent link events to let client layer to learn about link failure from OAMPDU. DTE that configured with active mode launches the discovery process. Once the discovery process is completed, when the counterpart entity connecting to remote OAM is in active mode, active DTE is permitted to send any OAMPDU. DTE that configured with passive mode doesn’t launch discovery process. It provides feedback of discovery process launched by remote DTE.  Remote loopback OAM provides optional data link layer frame-level loopback mode controlled by remote. OAM remote loopback can be applied for failure location and link performance test. When remote DTE is in OAM remote loopback mode, the statistic data of local and remote DTE can be queried and compared at any moment. Query could be implemented before, during, or after loopback is sent to remote DTE. Besides, OAM sub-layer loopback frame can be analyzed to get additional information concerned link health (to determine frame dropping caused by link failure). If OAM client has sent loopback control OAMPDU, and when it waits the counterpart DTE to indicate its responding message OAMPDU locating at OAM remote loopback, whether OAM client implements OAM remote loopback command on peer-end device is determined by the following process: a) if local DTE source address is larger than that of the peer-end, enter OAM remote loopback based on peer-end command. b) If local DTE source address is smaller than that of the peer-end, ignore OAM remote loopback command of the peer-end and go on working as if nothing is received. 48 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Link monitoring OAMPDU.Link monitoring is a feature to make statistics of error symbols or error frames received by physical layer within certain interval. Based on the implementation there is a counter at driver all along making statistics of error frames, error symbols and total frames received. The platform reads the information regularly and takes processing based on these error symbols, error frames and total frames. Corresponding event notice will be generated as per which kind of event occurred is detected. There are four types of link events:  Link error symbol period event. Count error symbols generated in particular period, which is determined by the quantity of symbols received in certain period by the physical layer.  Error frame event. Count error frames generated in particular period, which specifies certain interval.  Error frame period event. Count error frames generated in particular period, which is determined by the quantity of frames received.  Error frame second accumulation event. Count error frame seconds in particular period, which is determined by the time interval. 3.2.26.2 CFM Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) can effectively check, separate virtual bridge LAN and report its connection fault. It is mainly oriented to carrier’s network and also effective to customer network (C-VLAN) as well. Main basis of CFM that current switches support: IEEE 802.1ag implementation. To manage and maintain the network, network administrator plans network service and network layers by dividing the whole network into multiple Management Domains (MD). A single domain is shown in Figure 3-11. The domain defines a series of ports at edge device and internal device. The gray points at the edge device are service ports connecting to device outside the domain. They are ZTE Confidential Proprietary 49 ZXR10 3900E Product Description defined as Maintenance End Point (MEP). There are also some black ports (including those at the device inside the domain) which are ports connecting devices inside the domain. They are defined as Maintenance Intermediate Point (MIP). Domain management is implemented by the defined MEP and MIP. Figure 3-10 Maintenance domain As shown in Figure 3-11, a network can be divided into user domain, provider domain and operator domain. Each domain is designated with a level from 0 to 7. The level for domain determines the inclusion relations. Domain with higher level can contain domain with lower level; not vice versa. Domains with the same level cannot contain each other. Thus the domain with the largest coverage has the highest level. Domain inclusive relations could be tangent (internally or externally) and inclusive, but not intersecting. Connection Fault Management (CFM) can effectively check, separate virtual bridge LAN and report its connection fault. It is mainly oriented to carrier’s network and also effective to customer network (C-VLAN) as well.  Configure multiple embedded Maintenance Domains (MD) via one bridge network or a network containing a bridge network.  Configure a Maintenance Association (MA) identified by an individual MD in any given bridge and a group of VLAN.  Format of protocol, process and CFM protocol packet used to detect and separate connection fault report.  Capacity of Maintenance Point (MP) configuration and management in MA. MP is used to generate corresponding CFM packets. 50 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Command MPs implements affirmed fault separation and inspect result. Figure 3-11 Ethernet Maintenance Domain Inclusive Relations CE CE PE PE CE PE PE CE CE CE CE Operator Domain Customer Domain Provider Domain Scenario A: Touching Domains Ok Scenario B: Intersecting Domains Not Allowed Scenario C: Nested Domains Ok Path Discovery: MEP discovers with LTM/LTR message by tracking a MEP to another MEP, or the path went through between MIP. Fault Detection: MEP checks the network connection by CCM message that sent and received regularly. Connection failure and NonWill connection (connected by mistake). Fault acknowledgement and isolation: it’s a kind of behavior of management. The administrator acknowledges fault by LBM/LBR and implements certain isolation. Fault notification: when there is connection fault in MEP direction, corresponding report message will be sent to designated management system (such as NMS and TRAP). Network status detection: Learn about network connection or network delay and jitter by checking packets from MEP to MEP with time stamps or sending and receiving of packets with counter MP is the smallest entity on management layer to implement functions, including MEP and MIP. Comparatively, MEP implements more complicated functions than MIP does. It’s also more complicated to manage configuration than MIP. It can be said that CFM functions are implemented by MEP, which can send, receive and process any messages mentioned above. While MIP can only process LTM and LBM message; and send LTR and LBR message as well. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 51 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 3.2.26.3 Multi-VRF CE MVCE provides a kind of function similar to hierarchical PE, which transfer part of PE functions to CE. But MVCE doesn’t need to support MPLS, thus it has low requirements on access and aggregation equipment. The corresponding device should not be called as hierarchical PE. The corresponding device to MVCE is still CE. User data flows are terminated at CE, which avoids bad impact of broadcast traffic on PE. Complete isolation of different service transmission is implemented at CE, which solves traditional LAN security problem with low cost. User isolation and security guarantee that need to be implemented by PE are currently implemented by CE, which conforms to the development trend of marginalized network security and current requirements of carrier on bearer network. A comparison between MVCE and hierarchical PE:  Interfaces between two layers are at least as much as VPN quantity.  The upper layer PE needs to reconfigure VRF that is already configured on MVCE.  Run a IGP/BGP counterpart or configure static routing for each VPN.  Lower layer device doesn’t support MPLS. MVCE requires the device to support VPN access with IP address overlapping. With the development of technology, MVCE can be implemented on medium-end switch. Configure multiple VRF on MVCE corresponding to multiple VPN sites. Each VFR needs an uplink interface to connect to PE. Configure the same VRF at the corresponding interface on PE. Since MVCE doesn’t need to support MPLS, there are still ordinary data packets between MVCE and PE instead of MPLS labels. Differently, there is a layer of MPLS labels between hierarchical PE. Thus VPN traffic can only be differentiated by interface on PE, which means PE shall has exactly the same VPN interfaces as much as the VPN MVCE supports.(which is the same as ordinary PE supports L3 VPN configuration.) 52 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description A CE with MVCE features actually simulates multiple CE. Each virtual CE is separated from each other and is able to be accessed to multiple VPN users. PE won’t perceive whether it is multiple CE or one MVCE. Thus PE doesn’t need any expansion. If dynamic routing protocol is run between MVCE and PE, the routing protocol needs to support multiple instances. PE and MVCE exchange routing information via standard EBGP, OSPF, RIP or static route. Static route and RIP are both standard protocols. But each VRF runs different instances without interference to each other. If static route is configured, it will be ok if it supports VRF. 3.2.27 L2PT In QinQ VPN mode, if VPN user locates in different places wants to run its own L2 protocol such as STP, LACP and ZDP, the L2 protocol packets needs to be transparently transmitted by core network. However, these packets are usually reserved MAC addresses of bridge. They cannot be directly transparently transmitted. L2PT (layer 2 protocol tunnel) solves this problem. L2PT transparently transmit L2 protocol packets of customer’s network in QinQ VPN network environment. L2PT networking diagram is shown in Figure 3-12:  Edge Switches: locating at edge of carrier’s network to connect customer’s network devices.  Layer 2 protocol tunnel port: a certain port on Edge Switch, where L2 protocol packet encapsulation and de-encapsulation are implemented.  Tunneled PDU: encapsulated protocol packets such as ZDP, STP, and LACP. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 53 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Figure 3-12 L2PT networking diagram At the port where L2PT is not started, L2 protocol packets (STP, ZOP, and LACP) are dropped or transmitted to upper layer to get processed instead of being forwarded. This may cause customer’s network to become several isolated stp domains with regional boundaries. The network in customer’s VPN cannot run an integrated STP topology. L2PT can help users to achieve this by transparently transmitting BPDU packets inside VPN. Tunneled port on edge switch will encapsulate L2 protocol packets it receives, broadcast the encapsulated packets, and de-encapsulate these packets at the port on remote switch where “tunneled” is started. Packet encapsulation and de-encapsulation can be implemented by replacing packet MAC address. 3.2.28 MButton ZXR10 3900E switch can provide the MButton function without increasing user cost. The function makes use of existing port indicators to indicate the run status of the switch. MButton can switch different modes. When a mode is switched, port indicator shows system status of the mode according to relative rules. The following statuses are available now: 54  Port link status  Port duplex status  Port rate status ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Memory utilization rate  CPU utilization rate  Port of packets with CRC error  Port generating broadcast storm  Uplink interface bandwidth occupancy  Port which does not learn MAC address  Ping NM server 4 System Architecture 4.1 Product Appearance ZXR10 3900E is cassette Ethernet switch. Its hardware system is composed of chassis, control switching board, line interface board and power supply module. Its chassis size conforms to European standard. 4.1.1 ZXR10 3900E Appearance With the chassis height of 1U (1U=44.45mm), ZXR10 3928E/3928E-FI has a dimensional size of 44.45mm×442mm×220mm (W*D*H). ZXR10 3952E chassis height is 2U, it has a dimensional size of 88.9mm×442mm×220mm (W*D*H). ZXR10 3900E adopts dual hot-swappable power supply module, which can be flexibly configured and changed, thus provides higher reliability. All line-out is designed on front including power cable and net cable. It supports 3-port alarm input and 5-port controlling output. The M button on the front panel can vividly display the running status of the switch. Expanded slots are suitable for 4GE SFP or RJ45 port, or 4FE SFP port, easy to plug and pull. Modular components such as power supply and expanded slots are configured with external push-pull handles for easy push-in and pull-out. At bottom of each slot there is a fastener, which can fasten the slot when slot is installed well to prevent slip. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 55 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 4.2 4.2.1 Figure 4-1 Appearance of ZXR10 3928E Figure 4-2 Appearance of ZXR10 3928E-FI Figure 4-3 Appearance of ZXR10 3952E Hardware architecture Overall hardware architecture ZXR10 3900E is cassette product of centralized hardware structure design. All service interfaces are directly connected to switching main control card. Its dual power module provides redundancy and improves reliability. ZXR10 3900E series products cover three models: ZXR10 3928E and ZXR10 3928E-FI, and ZXR10 3952E. ZXR10 3928E supports 24 100M electrical interfaces and 1 expanded slot. ZXR10 3928E-FI supports 24 100M optical interfaces and 1 expanded slot with no slots or cable ports on the back panel. ZXR10 3952E supports fixed 16*100M optical interfaces, 1 expanded slot, and 4 sub-cards with each sub-card providing 8*100M electrical/optical interfaces. The expanded slot supports 4*GE electrical interfaces or 4*GE optical interfaces and 4*100M optical interfaces. 56 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description ZXR10 3900E provides dual hot-swappable power supply. Net cable and power cable all line out at front. There are two hardware alarm ports on front panel. 3-port alarm input and 5-port controlling output are provided. Input signal can receive external alarm input signals and output signal can control external device. M button provides various display modes of rate and duplex status. The M button on the front panel can vividly display the running status of the switch. 4.2.2 Hardware system working principle ZXR10 3900E support L2 and complete L3 functions, with level 1 switching for processing and forwarding 100M and 1000M packets. The system hardware working principles are shown in Figure 4-4. Figure 4-4 4.2.3 Hardware Block Diagram for the Hardware of ZXR 10 3900E Introduction of board modules ZXR10 3900E system contains one main control card and expanded slots, which can be divided into switch and control module, power supply module, and interface module. 4.2.3.1 Control card Control and switch module is the core part of ZXR10 3900E. It mainly implements two functions of control module and switch module. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 57 ZXR10 3900E Product Description In ZXR10 3900E system, control and switch module is installed in cassette structure with no independent panel. Its interfaces and signal indicators are on the front panel of the system. Its block diagram is shown in Figure 4-5. Figure 4-5 4.2.3.2 Diagram of main control card Control module The control module is composed of the main processor and some external application chips. It provides external operation interfaces, for example, serial ports and Ethernet ports, by which the system can process all kinds of applications. The main processor is a high-performance CPU processor, which performs the following functions: System NM protocol, for example, SNMP Network protocols, for example, OSPF, RIP, and BGP-4 Providing the operation and management interfaces for line cards Data operation and maintenance 58 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 4.2.3.3 Switch module The switch module is designed with a dedicated Switch chip, which is integrated with multiple Fast and Gigabit bi-directional interfaces, allowing it to process wire-speed switching of multiple ports. The Switch chip provides the following functions:  Store and forward switching.  Supporting 9KB jumbo frames.  Supporting priority queuing, where frames can be dropped selectively when the CoS queue is in congestion.  4.2.3.4 Providing one management and control timer for each port. Interface module ZXR10 3900E supports 4-port GE optical interface module, which supports optical-electric self-adaptive interface. All optical interfaces adopt hot-swappable optical module so that one line card supports various transmission media and distance requirements. Thus additional line cards can be reduced and users can obtain the best benefits with the smallest investment. 4.2.3.5 Power Module ZXR10 3900E supports AC and DC power supply. It adopts hot-swappable cassette power supply module and implements 1+1 hot backup of power supply, which improves the reliability of the power supply system. 4.3 Software Architecture The ZXR10 3900E series products are multi-layer switches with L2 switching and L3 routing capabilities and support for multiple functions, providing L2/3 wire speed switching and routing and QoS assurance. The system software performs management, control, and data forwarding. Its basic operations include system start, configuration management, running of protocols, maintenance of tables, setting switch chips, and ZTE Confidential Proprietary 59 ZXR10 3900E Product Description status control, as well as software forwarding of some special packets. The system software must implement the following functions:  Implementing major L2 protocol functions, including 802.1D STP protocol, 802.1P priority control, related functions of 802.1Q VLAN, and 802.3ad link aggregation.  Supporting Ipv4 protocol stacks and basic routing protocols.  Implementing multi-layer services such as ACL and DHCP.  Implementing some broadband access functions.  Implementing network management protocol SNMPv3 and Agent.  Allowing users to perform network management via the serial terminal, Telnet, or SNMP Manager, including network configuration management, fault management, performance management and security management.  Smooth upgrade of the software version, and on-line upgrade of the active/standby protocol processing cards and switching network cards.  Network security function. Based on the system functions mentioned above, the system software could be divided into five subsystems.  Operation support subsystem, including software modules such as BSP, ROS, SSP, and VxWorks kernel.  MUX subsystem, including the data distribution module, statistics and monitoring module, and driving and encapsulation module. The data distribution module distributes data packets to the driver and upper-layer software. The statistics and monitoring module measures data, forwards information, and monitors the software table.  L2 subsystem, including processing STP protocol, LACP protocol, IGMP SNOOPING protocol, MAC address management, VLAN management and L2 data forwarding. 60 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  L3 subsystem, which implements basic protocols of TCP/IP, such as IP, ARP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP, and application protocols such as FTP and Telnet, and implements unicast and multicast routing protocols, performing L3 data forwarding.  NM and operation & maintenance subsystem, which implements the Agent function of the SNMP network management, supports command line management, provides operation & maintenance interfaces, and provides MIB information. 4.3.1 Operation Support Subsystem The operation support subsystem drives and encapsulates the bottom-layer hardware, providing support for other software systems on the upper layer. This subsystem provides support for the running of the hardware, allocating resources for the hardware, and provides the hardware-related interfaces for the upper-layer software. The operation support subsystem relies on the RoS platform of the ZXR10, and it is composed of system support, system control, version load control, BSP, and SSP. It can be further divided into the operating system kernel, process scheduling, process communication, timer management, and memory management modules. The functional block diagram for the operation support subsystem is shown in Figure 4-6. Figure 4-6 4.3.2 Functional Block Diagram for the Operation Support Subsystem MUX Subsystem The MUX subsystem exchanges information with the driver and the upper-layer software, and measures and monitors the software table of the switch chip. The MUX subsystem ZTE Confidential Proprietary 61 ZXR10 3900E Product Description mainly performs data distribution and measurement and monitoring. After the MUX layer receives the data packets from the driving module, it forwards the packets by type according to the ETHER TYPES fields in the MAC frames. The data distribution of the MUX also includes the encapsulation of the data sending function of the driver, to provide the modules on the upper layer with a new data sending function for invocation. When the modules on the upper layer have data packets or protocol packets to send, they can invoke the data sending function provided by the MUX. The measurement and monitoring function measures the status of the driver layer, physical layer and MUX layer, measures the packets received/sent, monitors the access to the register, and performs the sniffer operations to the data packets, providing the OAM module with the interface function. 4.3.3 L2 Subsystem The L2 subsystem performs configuration management (management layer) on the data link layer, protocol processing on L2 (control layer), and data forwarding (data layer or service layer). The function modules are illustrated in Figure 4-7. Figure 4-7 4.3.4 Functional Block Diagram of the L2 Subsystem L3 Subsystem By software layer, the L3 subsystem consists of the service control layer and data-forwarding layer. Where, the service control layer is composed of the TCP/IP and IP forwarding support subsystem. The TCP/IP consists of the support protocols and routing protocols. The support protocols are the basic protocols in the Ipv4 protocol suite, providing services to the dynamic routing protocols, while acting as the entities of 62 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description network management and system monitoring. As the service provider for the upper-layer application entities on the whole router system, support protocols consist of IP, ARP, ICMP, IGMP, TCP, UDP and Telnet protocol entities. Routing protocols are used to generate dynamic routes, and they consist of unicast routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, and BGP, and multicast routing protocols such as IGMP, PIM-SM, MSDP and MBGP, and they provide related upper-layer protocols such as LDP, VRRP, and RSVP. The IP forwarding and support subsystem is responsible for deletion and modification of the forwarding table and the related strategies, and establishment and maintenance of indexes, and data interaction between the CPU and switch chip. The IP data forwarding layer inputs, forwards and outputs the data of the strategies, rules and routing tables created by the switch chip according to the IP service control layer. Figure 4-8 4.3.5 Functional Block Diagram of the L3 Subsystem NM and Operation & Maintenance Subsystem The foreground NM and Operation & Maintenance subsystem uses TCP/IP to implement the agent of the SNMP NM, and meets the management requirements by using the execution entities of the managed entities on the bottom layer. The background NM communicates with the foreground NM via the network to manage the foreground system. In this way, the management network is isolated from the transmission network. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 63 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 4.4 ZXROS ZXROS is a multitask-based distributed real-time network operating system, providing unified IP protocol supported by all devices from ZTE. ZXROS offers a mature and steady architecture, and has been extensively used by lots of carriers. With reinforcement and extension on the basis of the original platform, the existing platform in terms of user’s service requirements give more consideration on user’s OPEX, CAPEX, service scalability and implementation.  Sound Encapsulation.  Support multiple operating systems and the smooth upgrade of operating system.  The configurations of all products are in the same style, which makes user easy to operate and maintain.  Powerful Monitoring Service.  Monitor processes and memory abnormities.  Monitor the working status of power supply module, fan, voltage, current, and working temperature.   Provide fast failure location to guarantee high reliability of the product version. Flexible Modular Components.  All service module based upon ZXROS can be added or uninstalled easily; new services can be developed based upon the original architecture.  Based upon user’s demands, provide flexible on-demand service and fast respond to user’s requirements.  With superior interoperation, it follows the following standard and protocols. Table 4-1 L2 Protocol Standard L2 Protocol Standard 64 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description L2 Protocol Standard IEEE 802.1d Bridging IEEE802.1x Port Based Network Access EEE 802.1s IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation Multiple Spanning Tree IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree IEEE 802.3ag Service Layer OAM IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagging IEEE 802.3ah 9216 bytes jumbo frame forward on IEEE 802.1ab LLDP(Link Layer Discovery Ethernet and pos interface Protocol) IEEE 802.1ad VLAN stacking, Select QinQ, VLAN translate Provider Backbone B IGMP v1/v2 snooping/proxy IEEE 802.3 10BaseT IEEE 802.3ae 10Gpbs Ethernet IEEE802.3ah Ethernet OAM IEEE 802.3x Flow Control IEEE 802.3 100BaseT IEEE 802.3z 1000BaseSX/LX IEEE 802.3u 100BaseTx IEEE ZESR Ethernet smart Ring Protocol ZESS ZTE Ethernet smart switch 802.3ae 10Gbps Ethernet IEEE 802.1p VLAN Priority Table 4-2 RIP Protocol Standard RIP Protocol Standard RFC 1058 RIP Version1 RFC 2453 RIP Version2 RFC 2082 RIP-2 MD5 Authentication Table 4-3 OSPF Protocol Standard OSPF Protocol Standard FC 1765 OSPF Database Overflow FC 2370 Opaque LSA Support RFC 3101 OSPF NSSA Option Table 4-4 RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 RFC 3137 OSPF Stub Router Advertisement RFC 3623 Graceful OSPF Restart–GR helper BGP Protocol Standard BGP Protocol Standard RFC 1397 BGP Default Route ZTE Confidential Proprietary RFC 1772 Application of BGP in the 65 ZXR10 3900E Product Description BGP Protocol Standard Advertisement Internet RFC 1965 Confederations for BGP RFC 1997 BGP Attribute Communities RFC 2385 Protection of BGP Sessions via MD5 RFC 2439 BGP Route-Flap Dampening RFC 2547bis BGP/MPLS VPNs RFC 2796 BGP Route Reflection draft-ietf-idr-rfc2796bis-02.txt draft-ietf-idr-rfc2858bis-09.txt RFC 2918 Route Refresh Capability for BGP4 RFC 3065 Confederations for BGP RFC 3392 Capabilities Advertise-ment draft-ietf-idr-rfc3065bis-05.txt with BGP4 RFC 4271 BGP-4 (previously RFC 1771) RFC 4364 BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) RFC 4360 BGP Extended Communities Attribute RFC 2547bis BGP/MPLS VPNs RFC 4724 Graceful Restart Mechanism RFC 4760 Multi-protocol Extensions for for BGP–GR helper BGP RFC 4203 for Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) sub-TLV Table 4-5 ISIS Standard ISIS Standard RFC 1142 OSI IS-IS Intra-domain RFC 1195 Use of OSI IS-IS for routing in Routing Protocol (ISO 10589) TCP/IP & Dual environments RFC 2763 Dynamic Hostname Exchange for IS-IS RFC 2973 IS-IS Mesh Groups RFC 3373 Three-Way Handshake for Intermediate System to Inter-mediate RFC 2966 Domain-wide Prefix System (IS-IS) Distribution with Two-Level IS-IS Point-to-Point Adjacencies RFC 3567 Intermediate System to Intermediate System(IS-IS) 66 Cryptographic Authentication RFC 3719 recommendations for RFC 3784 Intermediate System to Interoperable Networks using IS-IS Intermediate System(IS-IS) Extensions for Traffic RFC 3787 Recommendations for ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description ISIS Standard Engineering (TE) Interoperable IP Networks RFC 3847 Restart Signaling for IS-IS–GR RFC 4205 for Shared Risk Link Group helper (SRLG) TLV draft-ietf-isis-igp-p2p-over-lan-05.txt Table 4-6 VRRP Standard VRRP Standard RFC 2787 Definitions of Managed RFC 3768 Virtual Router Redundancy Objects for the Virtual Router Protocol Redundancy Protocol Table 4-7 LDP Standard LDP Standard RFC 3036 LDP Specification draft-jork-ldp-igp-sync-03 RFC 3478 Graceful Restart Mechanism RFC 3037 LDP Applicability Table 4-8 for LDP–GR helper Multicast Standard Multicast Standard RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP RFC 2236 Internet Group Man-agement Multicasting(Snooping) Protocol RFC 2362 Protocol Independent RFC 3376Internet Group Management Multicast-Sparse Mode(PIM-SM) Protocol Version3 RFC 3446 Anycast Rendezvous Point(RP) mechanism using Protocol RFC 3618 Multicast Source Discovery Independent Multicast(PIM) and Multicast Protocol (MSDP) Source Discovery Protocol(MSDP) RFC 4601 Protocol Independent RFC 4604 Using IGMPv3 and MLDv2 for Multicast-Sparse Mode(PIM-SM) Source-Specific Multicast RFC 4607 Source-Specific Multicast for RFC 4608 Source-Specific Protocol IP Independent Multicast in 232/8 RFC 4610 Anycast-RP Using Protocol Independent Multicast(PIM) ZTE Confidential Proprietary draft-ietf-pim-sm-bsr-06.txt 67 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Multicast Standard draft-rosen-vpn-mcast-08.txt Table 4-9 draft-ietf-mboned-msdp-mib-01.txt Differentiated Services Standard Differentiated Services Standard RFC 2474 Definition of the DS Field the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers(Rev) RFC 2598 An Expedited Forwarding PHB RFC 2597 Assured Forwarding PHB RFC 3140 Per-Hop Behavior Group (rev3260) Identification Codes Table 4-10 PPP Standard PPP Standard RFC 1332 PPP IPCP RFC 1377 PPP OSINLCP RFC 1662 PPP in HDLC-like Framing RFC 1638/2878 PPP BCP RFC 1661 PPP RFC 1989 PPP Link Quality Monitoring RFC 1990 The PPP Multilink RFC 2516 A Method for Transmitting Protocol(MP) PPP Over Ethernet RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH Table 4-11 DHCP Standard DHCP Standard RFC 2131 DynamicHost-Configuration RFC 3046DHCP Relay Agent Protocol(REV) Information Option(Option 82) Table 4-12 Network Management Standard Network Management Standard ITU-T M.3000, Overview of TMN recommendations ITU-T M.3016, TMN security overview 68 ITU-T M.3010, Principles for a Telecommunications management network ITU-T M.3020, TMN Interface Specification Methodology ITU-T M.3100 Generic Network ITU-T M.3101, Managed Object Information Model Conformance Statements for the Generic ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Network Management Standard Network Information Model ITU-T M.3200, TMN management services and telecommunications managed areas: overview ITU-T M.3400, TMN Management Function ITU-T M.3300, TMN F interface requirements ITU-T Temporary Document 69 (IP Experts): Revised draft document on IP access network architecture ITU-T X.701-X.709, Systems ITU-T X.710-X.719, Management Management framework and architecture Communication Service and Protocol ITU-T X.720-X.729, Structure of ITU-T X.730-X.799, Management Management Information functions RFC1157, Simple Network Management Protocol RFC1213, Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP based internets: MIB-II RFC1902, Structure of Management RFC1901, Introduction to Information for Version 2 of the Simple Community-based SNMPv2 Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) RFC1903, Textual Conventions for RFC1905, Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) Management Protocol (SNMPv2) RFC2037, Entity MIB using SMIv2 RFC2233, The Interface Group MIB using SMIv2 RFC1558, A String Representation of RFC1558, A String Representation of LDAP Search Filters LDAP Search Filters RFC1777, Lightweight Directory Access RFC1778, The String Representation of Protocol Standard Attribute Syntaxes RFC1959, An LDAP URL Format RFC2251, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3) RFC1493, Definitions of Managed GB901, A Service management Business Objects for Bridges Process Model GB909,Generic Requirements for GB910,Telecom Operations Map Telecommunications Management Building Blocks RFC1757, Remote Network Monitoring GB908,Network Management Detailed Management Information Base Operations Map ZTE Confidential Proprietary 69 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Network Management Standard RFC1757, Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base GB917, SLA Management Handbook NMF038, Bandwidth Management V1.5 Ensemble V1.0 TMF508, Connection and Service TMF801, Plug and Play Service Management Information Model Business Fulfillment Phase 2 Validation Agreement Specification V1.0 TMF605, Connection and Service NMF037, Sub-System Alarm Surveillance Management Information Model Ensemble V1.0 TMF053, NGOSS Architecture TMF053A, NGOSS Architecture Technology Neutral Specification V1.5 Technology Neutral Specification V1.5 TMF053B, NGOSS Architecture TMF821, IP VPN Management Interface Technology Neutral Specification V1.5 Implementation Specification V1.5 TMF816, B2B Managed Service for DSL Interface Implementation Specification V1.5 Interworking Between CORBA and TMN System Specification V1.0 YD/T 852-1996 General design principle YD/T 871-1996 General information of TMN model of TMN YD/T XXXX-2001 General technical specification of broadband MAN YD/T XXXX-2000 IP 体 Network technical specification –network in general YDN 075-1998 China public multimedia communications network management standard 70 GB914,System Integration Map YD/T XXXX-2001 IP Network technical specification-network performance parameter and availability YDN 075-1998 China public multimedia communications network management specification RFC 1215 A Convention for Defining Traps for use with the SNMP RFC 1657 BGP4-MIB RFC 1724 RIPv2-MIB RFC 1850 OSPF-MIB RFC 1907 SNMPv2-MIB RFC 2096 IP-FORWARD-MIB RFC 2011 IP-MIB RFC 2012 TCP-MIB RFC 2013 UDP-MIB RFC 2138 RADIUS RFC 2206 RSVP-MIB RFC 2987 VRRP-MIB RFC 3014 NOTIFICATION-LOGMIB draft-ietf-disman-alarm-mib-04.txt RFC 3164 Syslog draft-ietf-isis-wg-mib-05.txt draft-ietf-ospf-mib-update-04.txt ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Network Management Standard draft-ietf-mpls-te-mib-04.txt draft-ietf-mpls-lsr-mib-06.txt draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-mib-07.txt 5 Technical Parameters and Specifications 5.1 Physical Parameters Table 5-1 Physical Parameters Physical Parameters Size(H×W×D) 3928E/3928E-FI 3952E 44.45mm×442mm×220mm 88.9mm×442mm×220mm <4.3kg <10kg Weight(Full Configuration, including two power supply modules and sub-cards) Power Consumption 5.2 3928E：< 30W < 98W 3928E-FI：< 40W Working Temperature -5℃~50℃ for long term and -5℃～55℃ for short term Storage Temperature -40℃~70℃ Anti-Seismic Design Anti-8 magnitude earthquake design Reliability MTBF:>200,000 hours, MTTR:<30 minutes 1.2 Basic Performance Indices Table 5-2 Basic Performance Indices Basic Performance Indices 3928E/3928E-FI/3952E MAC 16K VLAN 4K MSTP Entity Number 16 ZTE Confidential Proprietary 71 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Basic Performance Indices Trunk Number 32groups,8 ports per group ACL 2K QOS Queue 8queues per port Granularity of Port Speed Limitation 64k Multicast Group Number L2 1k／L3 256 Subnet route:8K Unicast Group Number Dot1x 5.3 5.3.1 3928E/3928E-FI/3952E Host route:4K User 2k System Software Attributes L2 Attributes Table 5-3 L2 Attributes Item Description Support VLAN based upon port, protocol, subnet and MAC address VLAN Support VLAN translation (N:1) Support PVLAN Support QinQ-based forwarding Support common QinQ and port-based outer layer label QinQ Support Selective QinQ and traffic-based outer label Support Selective QinQ inner priority mapping L2 Features Support TPID modification Support MAC address learning, aging and fixing MAC Support static MAC address setting Support MAC address attack protection Support dynamic LACP LACP Support traffic-based load sharing Support aggregation crossing line cards Storm 72 Support broadcasting packet suppression ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Item Suppression Description Support multicast packet suppression Support unknown packet suppression Support unknown unicast/multicast discarding Support unknown unicast/multicast broadcasting Support static ARP configuration ARP Support dynamic ARP learning Support dynamic ARP table item aging STP Support STP, RSTP, MSTP Support SPT based upon port and entity Support incoming port mirroring, outgoing mirroring, N:1 mirroring, traffic mirroring, CPU mirroring, Port RSPAN Support port loop inspection Support port traffic control service L2 Multicast ZTE Confidential Proprietary Support IGMP Snooping 73 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Item Description /proxy Support IGMP rate limit, IGMP rate filter, IGMP rate shaping Support MLD snooping Support PIM snooping Support cross-VLAN multicast replication Ethernet OAM 74 Support IEEE 802.1ag Support IEEE 802.3ah ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 5.3.2 1.3.2 L3 Attributes Table 5-4 L3 Attributes Item Description Support IPv4 unicast static route Support RIPv1/v2, OSPFv2, IS-IS, BGP-4 Support policy route Support MVRF Support URPF L3 Features Support ECMP Support static multicast L3 Multicast Support IGMPv1/v2/v3 Support PIM-SM, PIM-SSM, PIM-DM, MSDP, MBGP 5.3.3 QoS Table 5-5 QoS Item Description Support traffic classification based upon physical Traffic port Classification Support traffic classification based upon physical port and ACL Message Remaking Support the remarking of 802.1p priority, IP Precedence, IP DSCP, IP TOS, Support dual-layer label mapping Support ingress CAR QoS Features Traffic Policing Support traffic-based CAR Support ingress/egress traffic policing Support remarking after traffic policing Support traffic-based bandwidth control Congestion Control Support RED and WRED Support CAC Queue Scheduling ZTE Confidential Proprietary Support 8 precedence queues at least. Each queue support minimum/maximum bandwidth management Support WRR, SP and WFQ scheduling 75 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Item Description Traffic Support egress port shaping Shaping Support egress queue shaping Traffic Classification Traffic Support traffic classification based upon the queue Shaping of each layer Queue Shaping 5.3.4 Support ACL-based traffic classification Support SP, WRR Service Management Table 5-6 Service Management Item Description Support IEEE 802.1X Service Support AAA authentication Management Support DHCP Server, DHCP Relay, DHCP Snooping Support DHCP OPTION 82 5.3.5 Reliability Table 5-7 Reliability Item Description Support VBRP protocol, support multiple backups configuration, support backup priority setting, support VRRP switching authentication, support priority replacement mode Reliability Support ZESR Ethernet ring protection Support ZESS dual-homing protection Support ECMP 76 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 5.3.6 Security Table 5-8 Security Item Description Support anti-DOS attack service Support anti-BPDU attack service Support CPU protection Support anti-ARP attack service MAC addresses flood protection. Restrict port MAC address number Support IPv4 uRPF Support hierarchical command protection Attack Support abnormal message and wrong message prevention protection Support anti-IP fragment Support anti-LAND attack service Security Support anti-SMURF attack service Features Support SYN FLOOD attack service Support anti-PING FLOOD attack service Support anti-Teardrop attack service Support anti-Ping of Death attack Support anti-fake IP address attack Support the initiation and disablement of protocol CPU security priority processing protection Support protocol packet protection service Support the filtering the messages going up to CPU Support data log monitoring Senior security Support broadcasting suppression features Support control/signaling MD5 encryption and certification 5.3.7 Operation and Maintenance Table 5-9 Operation and Maintenance Item ZTE Confidential Proprietary Description 77 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Item Description Support command line service Support hierarchical management authorities Support password aging and confirmation Support console management Support user access service management Support remote access in SSH, TELNET, WEB, SNMP, and SSL modes Support warnings in multiple ways(audio, light Operation and Operation maintenance and alarming platform) Support ZXNM01 unified network platform Support CLI hierarchical network management Maintenance Support user access control service Service Support recovery of configuration storage Support operation log record Support alarm log management Support basic MIB service Support traffic statistical service Cluster management OAM ZGMP, LLDP/ZTP/ZGMP Support Ethernet OAM Support OAM tool (MAC Ping, MAC trace route, etc.) 6 Operation and Maintenance 6.1 NetNumen U31 Unified Network Management Platform Due to the development of IP network, there are more and more services implemented by IP network. At the same time, the network ranges larger, and configures harder, plus user’s higher expectation, the network management becomes more and more difficult. Only manual management and passive inspection cannot meet the requirements of running the entire system. 78 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Now the maintenance engineer is focusing on how to deploy service swiftly, how to keep steady network operation, how to predict the operating quality of the network and how to locate the failure as soon as it happens. Therefore, the active network monitoring, automatically network failure inspection and recovery, and sound network operation are urgently required to guarantee maximum network profit. ZTE giving positive response to the call of the times develops NetNumen U31 unified network management system. It is an integrated network management system composed by router, switch and CE, responsible for network element management, network management and service management. It supports multiple sorts of database, has graphic interface in different languages for convenient operation. Besides, this system also provides flexible northbound interface, supporting powerful interconnecting integration. 6.1.1 Network Management Networking Mode Between NetNumen U31 NMS and ZXR10 3900E series equipment, inband management and outband management networking modes can be used Inband Management Inband Management, i.e. instead of requiring an extra DCN, network management information and service data are delivered in the same channel. NetNumen U31 only has to connect with its nearby network equipments, and then together with configured SNMP, it can arrange management. The advantage of inband management is that flexible networking does not ask for extra investment. But the network management information takes up service bandwidth, so it may seriously affect service quality. Outband Management Outband management, i.e. the network management information is delivered in service data independent from service data, so extra DCN is needed. NetNumen U31 network management system is connected with the outband management interface of ZXR10 3900E, so that network management information and service information can be delivered independently. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 79 ZXR10 3900E Product Description By using outband management; the breakup of the service channel will not prevent the network management station to do equipment management, so that the transport of network information becomes more reliable. But the independent network is limited by the geographic reasons and requires extra investment. 6.1.2 NetNumen U31 Network Management System NetNumen U31 network management system is an integrated management system designed by ZTE for its router, switch and CE. It covers network element management, network management and service management. NetNumen U31 network management system provides the following services  Failure management makes sure steady network operation In the maintenance of network management, the administrator urgently needs to know the network operating status to make sure steady network operation. The failure management of NetNumen U31 is responsible for receiving real-time equipment warning and network events from all NE, so that it can give audible and visible information to maintenance staffs; after being confirmed by maintenance staffs, the collected warning report will be saved for future statistics and search. Failure management is the most important and commonly used method in user’s network operating maintenance. Via failure management, user can arrange information search, real-time monitoring, failure filtering, failure location, failure confirmation, failure deletion, and failure analysis for ZXR103900E series device. Besides, NetNumen U31 system also provides voice prompt, graphic warning display, and informs user the failure by sending Email and messages via warning system, Email system, SMS system, which simplifies user’s daily maintenance.  Performance management enables complete understanding of network services The traffic direction, traffic load and network load are the key issues in network management. The performance management module of NetNumen U31 is mainly responsible for the performance monitoring and analysis of data network and its equipments. The performance data collected by network element will generate performance report after a certain processing, so that maintenance and management departments can get information to guide network engineering, plan, 80 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description network scheduling and improve network operating quality. Via performance management, user can implement load, traffic direction and interface load collection, get timely service quality report and give prompt evaluations and adjustment on entire network resource configuration.  Resource management makes reasonable use of network resource The resource management realizes the management of physical resource and logical resource, so it is an inevitable basic system in carrier’s service progress. Also it is the critical precondition for realizing automatic service initiation and automatic service guarantee. Via resource management, user via the resource management system not only can get information of the management of the equipment, module, interface and link in the network, but also can know the operating status of the logical resources, such as, VLAN resource, L2/L3 VPN resource, and MAC addresses.  View management makes network operation clear and easy View management provides unified network topology and multi-view management, which enables the user to be aware of the network topology and equipment operating running status in the entire network. At the same time, it provides maintenance interfaces for network and equipment. User utilizes view management to know the operating status and warning status of the equipment. And also, it supports fast navigation to other management systems.  Configuration management enables fast service deployment The configuration management implements the configuration of ZXR10 3900E series, including equipment management, interface management, VLAN management, L2 attribute management, MPLS management, routing protocol management, configuration QoS file management, management; software Also it upgrade supports management, many and customer-friendly configuration modes, such as end-to-end configuration, in-batch configuration, guidance configuration. Besides, it offers default configuration models to corresponding management.  Security management protects network from hacking ZTE Confidential Proprietary 81 ZXR10 3900E Product Description The security management is mainly responsible for user’s legal network operation. It implements the management of user, user group and role. By arranging correct relationships between user, user group and role, it provides administrators with security control mechanism. Via login authentication, it prevents illegal users from accessing the system. By authorized operation, it offers security mechanism to administrator’s secure operation.  Northbound interface gives conveniences to integration Due to the fast development of telecom industry, one carrier nowadays should manage multiple different network element equipment or professional network management system. The drawbacks for instance non-interaction among different professional network management systems, complicated management content, and multiple operating interfaces become more and more obvious. To enhance the integrated network management level and effect of telecom enterprise, one network management station can be used to implement all sorts of management and control to the interconnected networks, so that, the integrated entire network management comes true. The integrated network management connects with professional network management via interface. So the professional network management should provide standard open northbound interface to the integrated network management system, so that, it can integrate with the integrated network management system rapidly and reliably. NetNumen U31 supports many types of northbound interface, e.g. CORBA, XML,SNMP, TL1 and FTP. 6.2 6.2.1 Maintenance and Management Multiple Configuration Modes ZXR10 3900E series equipment provides multiple equipment login and management configuration modes, which enables user to choose the optimal way to configuring its connections. It makes the equipment maintenance easier. Multiple configuration and management modes: 82 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Serial interface connection configuration: Serial interface connection configuration uses VT100 terminal mode. It can use super terminal tool provided by Windows operating system to complete the configuration; for the bare metal or connectionless equipment, this method is the only choice.  Telnet connection configuration: 1. Via the IP address of the management Ethernet interface telnet (10/100Base-TX)on telnet main control board to configure switch; 2. Configure IP address over VLAN interface and set user name and password. Via the IP address of telnet VLAN interface, it implements switch configuration; when user requires remote login, and is able to communicating with equipment, this connection configuration mode can be used.  SSH(Secure Shell) protocol connection configuration: Initiate SSH service on ZXR10 3900E series equipment, connect the VLAN interface IP address or management Ethernet port IP address via SSH client software to implement more secure switch configuration. When users require remote login with high demands for security, this connection configuration can be chosen.  SNMP connection configuration: The background network server acts as SNMP Manager, the front equipment ZXR10 3900E series equipment works as SNMP Agent. the background and front equipment share one MIB to manage the configuration of ZXR10 3900E series equipment via network management software; This connection configuration mode enables the user to implement effective management configuration via network management software. 6.2.2 Monitoring, Controlling and Maintenance ZXR10 3900E series is capable of multiple ways of equipment policing, management and maintenance, which enables the equipment to process all sorts of abnormity correctly, and provide users with all types of parameter in the course of equipment operation. Equipment Monitoring, Controlling:  There are indicators on power supply module, fan, MSC and all LICs. They show the operating status of these components. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 83 ZXR10 3900E Product Description  The MSC switchover and hot swappable records are kept for future reference.  When the fan, power supply or temperature goes wrong, the voice warning and software warning will be generated.  The system inspects the suitability of software versions during operation automatically.  The system operation automatically monitors the module temperature, and provides temperature control warning and software warning.  The system monitors the operating status of the software, when abnormity happens, the LIC will be restarted and MSC switchover will be implemented as well. Equipment management and maintenance  The command line provides flexible online help.  Provide hierarchical user authority management and hierarchical commands.  Support information center, provide unified management of log, alarm and scheduling information.  Via CLI, user can check the basic information of all MSC, LIC, and optical modules.  Provide multiple sorts of information query, including version, component status, temperature, CPU and memory availability. 6.2.3 Diagnosis and Debugging ZXR10 3900E series provides multiple sorts of diagnosis and debugging methods, enabling user to have multiple ways to adjust equipment and get more debugging information.  Ping and TraceRoute: by inspecting whether or not the network connection is reachable and recording the transport path online, maintenance staffs can get link information for further analysis of failure locating. 84 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Debugging: rich debug commands are provided for each software feature. Every debug command supports multiple debugging parameters, so it can be controlled flexibly. Via debug command, specific information of the progress, packet processing and error inspection of the service in the course of operation can be displayed.  Mirroring image service: it supports interface-based mirroring image, via which the incoming, outgoing or bidirectional packets are replicated to the observed interface. 6.2.4 Software Upgrade ZXR10 3900E provides software upgrade modes in both normal and abnormal conditions.  Upgrade when the system is abnormal: Provide software upgrade when the equipment cannot be initiated normally. Via modifying boot initiation mode, load new software version from the management Ethernet interface to complete initiation upgrade.  Upgrade when the system is normal: Provide local or remote FTP online upgrade when the equipment is in normal condition. 6.2.5 File System Management File system introduction In ZXR10 3900E series equipment, the main storage device on MSC is FLASH, in which software version file and configuration file are saved. So both software upgrade and configuration storage will have some implementations on FLASH. FLASH consists of three categories: IMG, CFG and DATA.  IMG: This category is used to save software version file. Software version file with the extension name of “.zar” is a particular compressed file. The version upgrade actually is the change of the software version file in this category.  CFG: This category is used to save configuration file whose name is “startrun.dat”. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 85 ZXR10 3900E Product Description  DATA: This category is used to save abnormal information of the equipment. The file name format is “YYYY-MM-DD HH-mm-SS.zte”. File system operation  File backup and recovery: By using FTP/TFTP, the backup of software version file, configuration file and log of ZXR10 3900E series equipment can be save to the background server. Or the backup file can be restored from the background server.  File import and export: support the import/export of the file, after that, FTP/TFTP will replicate the file to the background host. The warning file and configuration file can be imported and exported for upgrade. 7 Networking 7.1 Product Features in Real Network Implementations 7.1.1 SVLAN( Flexible QinQ) SVLAN of ZXR10 3900E implements the function of providing SPVLAN label based on traffic. That is to say, it provides users with corresponding SPVLAN label on one Customer port based on their needs according to different CVLAN label carried by packets. By SVLAN, users can implement mapping from QoS of CVLAN label to SPVLAN. In application, to implement one VLAN per user and sole identification for user, start QinQ on user access aggregation switch ZXR10 3900E. In this way inner layer and outer layer VLAN are combined to represent a user. Outer layer VLAN is selected based on inner layer VLAN or ACL traffic. 86 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 7.1.2 IPTV Figure 7-1 IPTV networking application As one of the key technologies of ZTE IPTV system architecture, controllable multicast is mainly implemented at broadband access network side. The device implementing multicast control policy (BRAS, DSLAM or switch) is called multicast controlling point. As the terminating point of user multicast IGMP request, multicast controlling point decides whether to duplicate multicast traffic to user port based on corresponding IGMP request and control policy. The nearer multicast controlling point gets to the user, the more network bandwidth can be saved. As a key device implementing multicast control policy, multicast control point needs to support the following features: IGMP V1/V2, IGMP Snooping, IGMP Filter, IGMP Proxy, IGMP Fastleave, MVR(Multicast Vlan Register), SGR(Static Group Register), UGAC(User Group Access Control), and UGAR(User Group Access Record). User demanding authorities are controlled by rules and channel binding. As shown in Figure 7-1, multicast controlling point is configured on aggregation device ZXR10 3900E. It can establish multicast forwarding table items based on IGMP packets to implement user access control configuration so as to implement preview, play control of the channel and to implement IPTV demands of the users. ZTE Confidential Proprietary 87 ZXR10 3900E Product Description 7.1.3 ZESR Figure 7-2 ZESR networking application ZESR（Ethernet Smart Ring Protocol）is based on ITU G.8032 protocol. It checks whether the loop is connected to make sure that there is only one logically connected path between any two points on the ring. It re-set port status (block or forward) based on loop changes (connected-blocked; blocked-connected) to make logic path switch quickly. In Figure 7-2, to enhance the network reliability, ZESR is deployed in the middle of access/aggregation layer. When a device on the ring fails, forwarding will not be impacted. The secondary port will be unblocked to implement reverse data forwarding. At the same time MAC table item is notified to get updated to guarantee non-interrupted services. 7.1.4 ZESS Protecting the uplink links of access/aggregation layer device is a problem that users keep focusing on. Traditional technologies can only implement dual uplink links protection of a single device with single point error on uplinking device. To meet the practical networking needs, ZTE develops more advanced ZESS. The application of ZXR10 3900E in ZESS is shown in Figure 7-3: 88 ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description Figure 7-3 ZESS networking application ZXR10 3900E supports ZESS uplink link protection. It can implement single device dual uplink networking such as ZESS domain4 and ZESS domain5. It can implement square connection of two devices and the upper layer NPE such as ZESS domain1. It can also implement crossing connection of two devices and upper layer NPE such as ZESS domain2 and ZESS domain3. ZXR10 3900E ZESS supports main/standby and load sharing mode. In main/standby mode, the standby link doesn’t carry traffic in normal situation. In load balancing mode, two uplink links can carry part of traffic respectively so as to implement load balancing. 7.2 7.2.1 Integrated Network Application MAN Access Layer Solution ZXR10 3900E series intelligent switches are suitable for the access layer of MAN. For specific, they can be used as community switch, providing users with rich bandwidth and management features in the access layer. The main features are;  Support  Support port service isolation: PVLAN, etc. ZTE Confidential Proprietary flexible SVLAN and realize service separation 89 ZXR10 3900E Product Description  Support fast service recovery: support ZESR, UDLD and ZESS  Support MonitorLink service, which enables higher network reliability  Support L2 multicast Figure 7-4 90 MAN application ZTE Confidential Proprietary ZXR10 3900E Product Description 7.2.2 Enterprise Network Solution Figure 7-5 Enterprise network application They are mainly used as L3 switches in enterprise networks. The rich features are:  Meet the security requirements of enterprise network. Provide powerful security guarantee to network customers via ZSA, security linkage and ACL.  Enable different authorities to access different services of different enterprises and departments. Provide virtual network by MCE to enable unified IP implementation. 8 Abbreviation Abbreviation Full Name CN Core Network MAN Metropolitan Area Network FE Fast Ethernet GE Gigabit Ethernet CE Customer Edge CAPEX CAPital Ependiture OPEX OPeration EXpenditure TCO Total Cost of Ownership ZTE Confidential Proprietary 91 ZXR10 3900E Product Description Abbreviation OS 92 Full Name Operating System ZTE Confidential Proprietary